within the same family, genus, and even species. For example, most members of Poaceae accumulate GB,
but cultivated and wild rice species do not [33,46,47]. Both GB accumulators and nonaccumulators are
reported in the genus Limoniumin the family Plumbaginaceae [48] and Wollastoniain Asteraceae
[49,50]. Many food crops, including rice, maize, wheat, and sorghum, do not accumulate GB in appre-
ciable amounts [31–33,51,52], even though some GB-positive lines of maize [53,54], wheat [30], and
sorghum [39] have been identified.
882 SUBBARAO ET AL.
TABLE 1 Glycine Betaine Accumulation in Plants
Family References
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex, Beta [3,4,14,19–25]
Halosarcia
Maireana, Rhagodia
Salicornia, Salsola
Sarcocornia
Sclerolaena
Spinacia, Threlkeldia
Suaeda fruticosa
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus [4,24]
Avicenniaceae
Avicennia [22]
Gramineae
Cymbopogon [14,22,26–34]
Distichlis
Enneapogon
Eragrostis, Hordeum
Sorghum, Spartina
Themeda, Triodia
Triticum, Zea
Compositae
Aster, Cassinia [14,22–24]
Cratystylis
Gnaphalium
Helianthus, Olearia
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus [22–24]
Cuscuta, Evolvulus
Wilsonia
Plumbaginaceae
Plumbago, Limonium [24]
Solanaceae
Lycium
Leguminoseae
Medicago, Trifolium [7,22,24,35]
Asteraceae [4,24]
Malvaceae [4,14,24,36]
Poaceae [4,24,26,29,31,32,37–39]
Portulacaceae [4,24]
Caryophyllaceae [24]
Note: In accumulating genera, the glycine betaine levels were reported
to vary between 5 to 100 mol g^1 dwt under nonstressed conditions or
40 to 400 mol g^1 under saline or dry conditions. For nonaccumulat-
ing genera, glycine betaine levels were 1 mol g^1 (less than de-
tectable limits).
Source:Adapted and modified from Ref. 8.