- R Storey, J Gorham, MG Pitman, AD Hanson, DA Gage. Responses of Melanthera biflorato salinity and wa-
ter stress. J Exp Bot 44:1551–1560, 1993. - AD Hanson, J Rivoal, L Paquet, DA Gage. Biosynthesis of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate in Wollastonia bi-
flora(L.) DC. Evidence that S-methylmethionine is a intermediate. Plant Physiol 105:103–110, 1994. - AD Hanson, NA Scott. Betaine synthesis from radioactive precursors in attached water stressed leaves. Plant
Physiol 66:342–348, 1980. - AL Takhtajan. Outline of the classification of flowering plants (Magnoliophyta). Bot Rev 46:225–359, 1980.
- DG Brunk, PJ Rich, D Rhodes. Genotypic variation for glycinebetaine among public inbreds of maize. Plant
Physiol 91:1122–1125, 1989. - D Rhodes, PJ Rich, DG Brunk, GC Ju, JC Rhodes, MH Pauly, LA Hansen. Development of two isogenic sweet
corn hybrids differing for glycinebetaine content. Plant Physiol 91:1112–1121, 1989. - HG Truper, EA Galinski. Compatible solutes in halophilic phototrophic procaryotes. In: Y Cohen, E Rosen-
berg, eds. Microbial Mats. Physiological Econogy of Benthic Microbial Communities. Washington, DC:
American Society of Microbiology, 1989, pp 342–348. - SRC Warr, RH Reed, WDP Stewart. The compatibility of osmotica in cyanobacteria. Plant Cell Environ
11:137–142, 1988. - LJ Borowitzka. Solute accumulation and regulation of cell water activity. In: LB Paleg, D Aspinall, eds. The
Physiology and Biochemistry of Drought Resistance in Plants. Sydney: Academic Press, 1980, pp
11841–11846. - FAA Mohammad, RH Reed, WDP Stewart. The halophilic cyanobacterium SynechocystisDUN52 and its os-
motic responses. FEMS Microbiol Lett 16:287–290, 1983. - Gabbay-Azaria, E Tel-Or, M Schonfeld. Glycinebetaine as an osmoregulant and compatible solute in the ma-
rine cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa. Arch Biochem Biophys 264:333–339, 1988. - J Severin, A Wohlfarth, EA Galinski. The predominant role of recently discovered tetrahydropyrimidines for
the osmoadaptation of halophilic eubacteria. J Gen Microbiol 138:1629–1638, 1992. - D Le Rudulier, L Bouillard. Glycinebetaine, an osmotic effector of Klebsiella pneumoniaeand other members
of the Enterobacteriaceae. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:152–159, 1983. - F Fougere, D Le Ruddlier. Uptake of glycine betaine and its analogues by bacterioids of Rhizobium meliloti. J
Gen Microbiol 136:157–163, 1990. - T Abee, R Palmen, KJ Hellingwerf, NW Konings. Osmoregulation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol
173:229–233, 1990. - N Riou, MC Poggi, D Le Rudulier. Characterization of an osmoregulated periplasmic glycinebetaine-binding
protein in Azospirillum brasilensesp7. Biochimie 73:1187–1193, 1991. - LN Csonka. Physiological and genetic responses of bacteria to osmotic stress. Microbiol Rev 53:121–147,
1989. - LN Csonka, AD Hanson. Prokaryotic osmoregulation: genetics and physiology. Annu Rev Microbiol
45:569–606, 1991. - KR Sowers, RP Gunsalus. Halotolerance in Methanosarcinaspp.: role of N-acetyl--lycine,-glutamate,
glycine betaine, and K as compatible solutes for osmotic adaptation. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:4382–4388,
1995. - LJ Borowitzka. Osmoregulation in blue-green algae. Prog Phycol Res 4:243–256, 1986.
- WG Roth, MP Leckie, DN Dietzler. Restoration of colony-forming activity in osmotically stressed Escherichia
coliby betaine. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:3142–3146, 1988. - DE Robertson, D Noll, MF Roberts, JAGF Menaia, DR Boone. Detection of the osmoregulator betaine in
methanogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:563–565, 1990. - RH Reed, LJ Borowitzka, MA Mackay, JA Chudek, R Foster, SRC Warr, DJ Moore, WDP Stewart. Organic
solute accumulation in osmotically stressed cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 39:51–56, 1986. - JA Hellebust. Osmoregulation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 27:485–505, 1976.
- JF Imhoff, F Rodriguez-Valera. Betaine is the main compatible solute of halophilic eubacteria. J Bacteriol
160:478– 4 79, 1984. - J Cairney, IR Booth, CF Higgins. Osmoregulation of gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium:proUen-
codes an osmotically induced betaine transport system. J Bacteriol 164:1224 – 1232, 1985. - J Cairney, IR Booth, CF Higgins. Salmonella typhimuriumencodes a transport system for the osmoprotectant
beatine. J Bacteriol 164:1218–1223, 1885. - S Cayley, BA Lewis, MT Record Jr. Origins of the osmoprotective properties of betaine and proline in Es-
cherichia coliK-12. J Bacteriol 174:1586–1595, 1992. - S Ken-Dror, R Preger, Y Avi-Dor. Role of betaine in the control of respiration and osmoregulation of a halo-
tolerant bacterium. FEMS Microbiol Rev 39:115–120, 1986. - D Le Rudulier. Elucidation of the role of osmoprotective compounds and osmoregulatory genes: the key role
of bacteria. In: H Leith, A Al Masoom, eds. Towards the Rational Use of High Saline Tolerant Plants. Vol 1.
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993, pp 313–322. - PH Yancey. Compatible and counteracting solutes. In: K Strange, ed. Cellular and Molecular Physiology of
Cell Volume Regulation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994, pp 81–109.
GLYCINE BETAINE IN STRESS RESISTANCE 901