Endosperm, 58
Enneapogon, 882
Enzymes, 371–372
Epicotyl, 58, 65, 168
dormancy, 168
Epifagus virginiana, 318, 794
Epigyny, fruits, 147–149
Epipremnum aureum, 919
Equisetum arvense, 495
Eremochloa ophiuroides, 631
Erinus alpinus, 76
Eriophyllum lanatum, 76
Erwinia carotovora, 703
Eryngium, 76
Erythrina variegata, 574
Escherichia coli, 317, 754, 883
Eschscholzia californica, 77, 838
Esculentum, 797
Ethanol, 931
Ethyl-1-hexanol, 931
Ethyl mercaptan, 931
Ethylene, 20–21, 213, 515–518, 550, 554–556,
665, 672–673, 931
abscission, 213
biological response, 516–518
biosynthesis, 554–556
in pollinated flowers, 554–556
chemical nature, 515
effects, temperature-included, 20–21
emergence, seedling growth, 517
metabolism, 515–516
receptor, 550
senescence, 518
stress ethylene, 517–518
synthesis, protein induction, 672–673
Eudorina, 804
Eukaryotes, 2
Euonymus alatus, 97
Euphorbia epithymoides, 77
Eurotia lanata, 7
Evapotranspiration, 835, 863
Exo-exdodormancy, 65
Exogenous dormancy, 62, 64
Extracellular metal sequestration, 753–754
Extraterrestrial agriculture, 441
Extremes, in temperature, 14–16
Fagus grandifolia, 97
Feedback inhibition, 118
leaf developmental programming, source
strength, 118
Female, male, gametes, fertilization, 57
Fern, 309, 803, 815–816
sex determination, 815–816
Ferocactus acanthodes, 41
Fertilization, gametes, 57
Fertilizer, nitrogen, environmental aspects of,
399–400
Fescue, 624, 918
Festuca arundinaceae, 918
Festuca pratensis, 185
Festuca rubra, 624, 626
Ficus, 135, 223, 700
Ficus benjamina, 223
Ficus infectoria, 135
Field soils, soil solution, sodium, 364
Fire, 4
Flame ionization detection, 885
Flavanone 3-hydroxylase, 550
Flaveria trinervia, 45
Flavonoids, 4
Flax, 374
Flesh, of fruit, 148
Flower shattering, abscission, 221–222
Forages, tropical, 597–603
adapted grasses, legumes, 602–603
grass-legume associations, 598–599
grasses, 598
low-fertility acid soils, 597–598
nutrient supply, low, 599–600
nutrients, 601
phosphorus supply, low, 600–601
soil constraints, 601–602
Formiate dehydrogenase, 752
Fossil fuels, burning of, 24
Fracture surface abscission, protection of, 208–209
Fragaria virginiana, 150
Fragaria xananassa, 309
Fraxinum nigra, 173
Fraxinus americana, 97
Fraxinus excelsior, 518
Fraxinus nigra, 62
Free radicals, 4, 189–190
chemical defenses against, 4
formation of, 4
senescense, 189–190
Freezing
of plant tissues, 15, 17
protection from, 24–25
Fructans, 472–474, 480
structure, 472
synthesis in leaves, 472–474
Fructosyltransferase, 898
Fruit, 17–18, 21, 26, 143–160
defined, 143
development, 143–160
formation, prerequisites for, 144–145
from inferior ovaries, 147–149
morphological catergories, 145–150
quality, temperature and, 21952 INDEX