Medical Microbiology

Contents XIX

• andImmunology
  
  
  • GeneralAspectsofMedicalMicrobiology
  
  
  • TheHistoryofInfectiousDiseases.................................. F.H.Kayser
    
    
    • ThePast.....................................................
    
    
    • TheHenle–KochPostulates................................
    
    
    • ThePresent.................................................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Pathogens...........................................................
    
    
    • SubcellularInfectiousEntities.............................
    
    
    • ProkaryoticandEukaryoticMicroorganisms..............
    
    
    • Bacteria.....................................................
    
    
    • FungiandProtozoa.........................................
    
    
    • Animals.....................................................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Host–PathogenInteractions.........................................
    
    
    • BasicTerminologyofInfectiology..........................
    
    
    • DeterminantsofBacterialPathogenicityandVirulence...
      
      
      • Adhesion................................................
      
      
      • InvasionandSpread....................................
      
      
      • StrategiesagainstNonspecificImmunity..............
      
      
      • StrategiesagainstSpecificImmunity..................
      
      
      • ClinicalDisease.........................................
      
      
      • RegulationofBacterialVirulence......................
      
      
      • TheGeneticsofBacterialPathogenicity...............
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • DefensesagainstInfection.................................
      
      
      • NonspecificDefenseMechanisms......................
      
      
      • SpecificDefenseMechanisms..........................
      
      
      • DefectsinImmuneDefenses...........................
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • NormalFlora................................................
    
    
    • B-CellEpitopesandB-CellProliferation...............
    
    
    • MonoclonalAntibodies.................................
    
    
    • T-IndependentBCellResponses.......................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • TCells.......................................................
    
    
    • T-CellActivation........................................
    
    
    • T-CellActivationbySuperantigens....................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • InteractionsbetweenCellsoftheImmuneSystem.......
    
    
    • Collaboration...........................................
    
    
    • SubpopulationsofTHelperCells......................
    
    
    • CytotoxicTCells(CD8+TCells)........................
    
    
    • Cytokines(Interleukins)andAdhesion................
    
    
    • NaturalKillerCells..................................... Antibody-DependentCellularImmunityand
    
    
    • Mechanisms............................................ Humoral,Antibody-DependentEffector
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • TheComplementSystem...................................
  
  
  • ImmunologicalCellDeath..................................
  
  
  
  


• ImmunologicalTolerance...........................................
  
  
  • T-CellTolerance............................................
  
  
  • B-CellTolerance............................................
  
  
  
  


• ImmunologicalMemory............................................
  
  
  • B-CellMemory.............................................
  
  
  • T-CellMemory..............................................
  
  
  
  


• ImmuneDefensesagainstInfectionandTumorImmunity.........
  
  
  • GeneralRulesApplyingtoInfectionDefenses............
  
  
  • ImmuneProtectionandImmunopathology..............
    
    
    • ImmuneDefenses..................................... InfluenceofProphylacticImmunizationonthe
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • TumorImmunity..........................................
  
  
  
  


• ThePathologicalImmuneResponse................................
  
  
  • TypeI:IgE-TriggeredAnaphylaxis........................
  
  
  • TypeII:CytotoxicHumoralImmuneResponses..........
    
    
    • AutoantibodyResponses..............................
    
    
    • Anti-bloodGroupAntibodyReactions................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • TypeIII:DiseasesCausedbyImmuneComplexes........
  
  
  • TypeIV:Cell-mediatedImmunopathology...............
  
  
  
  


• TransplantationImmunity.........................................


• ImmuneDefectsandImmuneResponseModulation..............
  
  
  • ImmuneDefects
    
    
    • Immunoregulation........................................
      
      
      • Immunostimulation...................................
      
      
      • Immunosuppression...................................
      
      
      • AdaptiveImmunotherapy.............................
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • ImmunologicalTestMethods......................................
    
    
    • AntigenandAntibodyAssays.............................
      
      
      • ImmunoprecipitationinLiquidsandGels............
      
      
      • AgglutinationReactions...............................
      
      
      • ComplementFixationTest(CFT)......................
      
      
      • DirectandIndirectImmunofluorescence.............
      
      
      • ImmunologicalTests.................................. RadioimmunologicalandEnzyme
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • In-VitroCellularImmunityReactions....................
      
      
      • IsolationofLymphocytes..............................
      
      
      • LymphocyteFunctionTests...........................
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• II Bacteriology
  
  
  • GeneralBacteriology
  
  
  • TheMorphologyandFineStructureofBacteria................... F.H.Kayser
    
    
    • BacterialForms............................................
    
    
    • FineStructuresofBacteria................................
      
      
      • Nucleoid(NucleusEquivalent)andPlasmids.........
      
      
      • Cytoplasm.............................................
      
      
      • TheCytoplasmicMembrane..........................
      
      
      • CellWall...............................................
      
      
      • Capsule................................................
      
      
      • Flagella.................................................
      
      
      • AttachmentPili(Fimbriae),ConjugationPili.........
      
      
      • Biofilm.................................................
      
      
      • BacterialSpores........................................
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • ThePhysiologyofMetabolismandGrowthinBacteria............
    
    
    • BacterialMetabolism......................................
      
      
      • TypesofMetabolism..................................
      
      
      • CatabolicReactions....................................
      
      
      • AnabolicReactions....................................
      
      
      • MetabolicRegulation..................................
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • GrowthandCulturingofBacteria........................
    
    
    • Nutrients...............................................
    
    
    • GrowthandCellDeath................................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• TheMolecularBasisofBacterialGenetics.........................
  
  
  • TheStructureofBacterialDNA...........................
  
  
  • DNAReplication...........................................
  
  
  • TranscriptionandTranslation.............................
  
  
  • RegulationofGeneExpression...........................
  
  
  
  


• TheGeneticVariabilityofBacteria................................
  
  
  • MolecularMechanismsofGeneticVariability............
    
    
    • SpontaneousMutation................................
    
    
    • Recombination.........................................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • IntercellularMechanismsofGeneticVariability..........
    
    
    • Transformation........................................
    
    
    • Transduction...........................................
    
    
    • Conjugation............................................
    
    
    • Restriction,Modification,andGeneCloning.........
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• Bacteriophages.....................................................
  
  
  • Definition..................................................
  
  
  • Morphology................................................
  
  
  • Composition...............................................
  
  
  • Reproduction..............................................
  
  
  • Lysogeny...................................................
  
  
  
  


• ThePrinciplesofAntibioticTherapy...............................
  
  
  • Definitions.................................................
  
  
  • SpectrumofAction........................................
  
  
  • Efficacy....................................................
  
  
  • MechanismsofAction.....................................
  
  
  • Pharmacokinetics..........................................
  
  
  • SideEffects................................................
  
  
  • TheProblemofResistance................................
    
    
    • Definitions.............................................
    
    
    • Incidence,Significance................................
    
    
    • ResistanceMechanisms...............................
    
    
    • EvolutionofResistancetoAnti-InfectiveAgents.....
    
    
    • ResistanceTests........................................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • CombinationTherapy.....................................
  
  
  • Chemoprophylaxis.........................................
  
  
  • Immunomodulators.......................................
  
  
  
  


• LaboratoryDiagnosis..............................................
  
  
  • Preconditions,GeneralMethods,Evaluation.............
    
    
    • Preconditions..........................................
    
    
    • GeneralMethodsandEvaluation.....................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • SamplingandTransportofTestMaterial.................
  
  
  • Microscopy................................................
  
  
  • CulturingMethods........................................
  
  
  • IdentificationofBacteria..................................
  
  
  • MolecularMethods........................................
  
  
  • DirectDetectionofBacterialAntigens....................
  
  
  • DiagnosticAnimalTests...................................
  
  
  • BacteriologicalLaboratorySafety.........................
  
  
  • TaxonomyandOverviewofHumanPathogenicBacteria..........
    
    
    • Classification...............................................
    
    
    • Nomenclature.............................................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  
  
  
  • BacteriaasHumanPathogens
  
  
  • Staphylococcus..................................................... F.H.Kayser
    
    
    • Staphylococcusaureus................................
    
    
    • Coagulase-NegativeStaphylococci(CNS).............
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • StreptococcusandEnterococcus...................................
    
    
    • Streptococcuspyogenes(AStreptococci).............
    
    
    • Streptococcuspneumoniae(Pneumococci)...........
    
    
    • Streptococcusagalactiae(BStreptococci).............
    
    
    • OralStreptococci......................................
    
    
    • Enterococcus(Enterococci)............................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Gram-Positive,AnaerobicCocci....................................
  
  
  • Bacillus.............................................................
    
    
    • Bacillusanthracis(Anthrax)...........................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Clostridium........................................................
    
    
    • (ClostridialMyonecrosis)andAnaerobicCellulitis... ThePathogensThatCauseGasGangrene
    
    
    • Clostridiumtetani(Tetanus)..........................
    
    
    • Clostridiumbotulinum(Botulism)....................
    
    
    • Clostridiumdifficile(PseudomembranousColitis)...
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Listeria,Erysipelothrix,andGardnerella...........................
    
    
    • Listeriamonocytogenes...............................
    
    
    • Erysipelothrixrhusiopathiae..........................
    
    
    • Gardnerellavaginalis..................................
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• Corynebacterium,Actinomyces,OtherGram-PositiveRodBacteria
  
  
  • Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae(Diphtheria)...........
  
  
  • Actinomyces...........................................
  
  
  • OtherGram-PositiveRodBacteria....................
  
  
  
  


• Mycobacterium....................................................
  
  
  • TuberculosisBacteria(TB).............................
  
  
  • LeprosyBacteria(LB)..................................
  
  
  • NontuberculousMycobacteria(NTM).................
  
  
  
  


• Nocardia...........................................................


• Neisseria,Moraxella,andAcinetobacter...........................
  
  
  • Neisseriagonorrheae(Gonorrhea)....................
  
  
  • Neisseriameningitidis(Meningitis,Sepsis)...........
  
  
  • MoraxellaandAcinetobacter..........................
  
  
  
  


• Enterobacteriaceae,Overview......................................


• Salmonella(Gastroenteritis,TyphoidFever,ParatyphoidFever)...


• Shigella(BacterialDysentery).....................................


• Yersinia(Plague,Enteritis).........................................
  
  
  • Yersiniapestis.........................................
  
  
  • pseudotuberculosis.................................... YersiniaenterocoliticaandYersinia
  
  
  
  


• Escherichiacoli....................................................


• OpportunisticEnterobacteriaceae..................................


• Vibrio,Aeromonas,andPlesiomonas..............................
  
  
  • Vibriocholerae(Cholera)..............................
  
  
  • OtherVibrioBacteria..................................
  
  
  • AeromonasandPlesiomonas..........................
  
  
  
  


• HaemophilusandPasteurella......................................
  
  
  • Haemophilusinfluenzae..............................
  
  
  • HaemophilusducreyiandHaemophilusaegyptius..
  
  
  • Pasteurella.............................................
  
  
  
  


• Gram-NegativeRodBacteriawithLowPathogenicPotential......


• Campylobacter,Helicobacter,Spirillum............................
  
  
  • Campylobacter.........................................
  
  
  • Helicobacterpylori....................................
  
  
  • Spirillumminus.......................................
  
  
  
  


• Pseudomonas,Stenotrophomonas,Burkholderia...................