K xlviii Encyclopedia of Islam
1982
¶ Israeli invasion of Lebanon; Hizbullah founded
in Lebanon.
¶ Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq
founded with Iranian support.
1987–93
¶ First Palestinian intifada against Israeli occu-
pation.
1987
¶ Hamas founded in Gaza.
1988
¶ Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian author, wins the
Nobel Prize for literature.
¶ Salman Rushdie publishes The Satanic Verses,
sparking Muslim protests around the world.
¶ Al-Qaida founded in Afghanistan.
1989
¶ Death of Ayatollah Khomeini, Shii religious
scholar and revolutionary leader; Ayatollah Ali
Khamenei becomes supreme leader of Iran.
¶ Death of Fazlur Rahman, leading Islamic scholar
in the United States.
¶ Soviets withdraw from Afghanistan.
1990
¶ Iraqi forces at the command of President Sad-
dam Husayn invade and annex Kuwait, causing
Gulf War I.
1991
¶ United States leads international coalition forces
in a successful campaign to expel Iraqi forces
from Kuwait.
1994
¶ Yasir Arafat, chairman of the Palestine Lib-
eration Organization, shares Nobel Peace Prize
with Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres.
1996
¶ Taliban, a guerrilla force of Islamist Afghan stu-
dents, seizes Kabul.2000–
¶ Second Palestinian intifada (known as “al-Aqsa
Intifada”) against Israeli occupation (ongoing).2001
¶ Religious militants connected with al-Qaida fly
hijacked airliners into the New York World Trade
Center and Pentagon; U.S. and coalition forces
invade Afghanistan and depose the Taliban.2003
¶ U.S. and coalition forces launch Gulf War II by
invading Iraq and deposing Saddam Husayn and
the Baath Party.
¶ Shirin Ebadi, Iranian human rights advocate,
wins Nobel Peace Prize.2005
¶ Iraqi national elections bring Shii political coali-
tion (United Iraqi Alliance) to power.
¶ Muhammad al-Baradei, director of the Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency, wins Nobel Peace
Prize.2006
¶ Orhan Pamuk, Turkish author, wins Nobel Prize
in literature.
¶ Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi banker and
economist, wins Nobel Peace Prize.
¶ Saddam Husayn executed.2007
¶ Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in
Iraq changes name to Supreme Iraqi Islamic
Council.
¶ Benazir Ali Bhutto, Pakistan political leader,
assassinated.