acidosis or alkalosis. It can also be an indicator of poor oxygenation,
electrolyte imbalance (cellular), neutrality of extra and intracellular fluids,
poor elimination (from kidneys and lungs), renal failure, salicylate toxicity,
diabetic ketoacidiosis, starvation, shock, emphysema, and other conditions.
BUN (BLOOD UREA NITROGEN) — This test measures the amount of
urea nitrogen in the blood. Urea is a substance formed in the liver as the end
result of protein metabolism. As amino acids are catabolized (broken down or
changed), ammonia is formed and then converted mostly to urea.
Urea is also formed in the lymphatic system. These ureas are transported
to the kidneys for elimination. One can determine toxic levels of protein
consumption, liver metabolism (of proteins) and kidney excretory functions
by urea levels in the blood. Most kidney conditions create low levels of urea.
High levels can reflect over-consumption of proteins, GI bleeding, liver
inflammation, and deterioration. Extracellular protein toxicity can also be a
factor.
BUN and creatinine combo tests are used as renal function indicators.
Dehydration or overhydration can affect blood ureas, as well as many drugs,
including aspirin and diuretics.
Prostatitis and hypertrophy of the prostate gland can also cause abnormal
urea levels. Malnutrition and lack of proper protein digestion and synthesis is
also a big factor.
CREATININE — Creatinine is a product of catabolized creatine. Creatine is
used for skeletal muscle contraction and strength. Creatinine is excreted
entirely by the kidneys and can be an indicator of kidney or muscle
breakdown (decreased levels). Increased levels can be an indicator of
inflammation of the kidneys, urinary obstructions, dehydration, CHF,
diabetes, shock or trauma.
TOTAL PROTEIN — Proteins are formed from building materials called
amino acids. They are used in all structural and most functional aspects of the
body. They are constituents of muscle, cell membrane walls, hormones,
enzymes, neurotransmitters, and hemoglobin, and used as transport vehicles.
Proteins significantly contribute to the osmotic pressure within the vascular
system. This is significant to nutrient transport and metabolism.
ALBUMIN — Albumin is a protein formed within the liver. It constitutes
almost 60 percent of the total protein of the body. Albumin has many
responsibilities including maintenance of cellular osmotic pressure, and