1162 TOXICOLOGY
no formal application, but the notice must clearly indicate
that the citation is being contested. The employer must also
post notice of this contestation. The notice is sent to the area
director of OSHA.
The EPA was not created, as OSHA was, through legisla-
tive action, but rather by presidential order. This agency estab-
lishes regulations for environmental protection. There are a
number of environmental acts and provisions (Table 10).
Some of the regulations established by the EPA overlap
OSHA and other agencies. There is often confusion about
the interpretation of the various regulations when they cross
regulatory boundaries. Since most environmental regulations
involve control of toxicants, toxicology is an important aspect
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of Poisons. McGraw-Hill (5th edition), New York.
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Endotoxin exposure and lung cancer mortality by type of farming: is
there a hidden dose-response relationship? Annuals of Agriculture and
Environmental Medicine. 10:229–32.
Lange J.H. and Thomulka K.W. (1996). Evaluation of mixture toxicity for
nitrobenzene and trinitrobenzene at various equitoxic concentrations
using the Vibrio harveyi bioluminescence toxicity test. Fresenius
Environmental Bulletin. 7:444–51.Letters to the Editor. (1998). A log-normal distribution-based exposure
assessment method for unbalanced bias. Annuals of Occupational
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Lippmann M. (1992). Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and
Their Health Effects. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
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DDT to lake trout (Salvenlinus namaycush) from their prey. Bulletin
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Aquatic Toxicology: Methods and Applications (Rand G.M., Petrocelli
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levels of heavy metals in sediments from Guaymas Bay, Mexico. Bulletin
of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 72:1101–6.
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of chronic arsenicosis in Bangladesh: preliminary results. Journal of
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study. British Medical Journal. 328:493–94.
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dence among Lithuanian cement producing workers. Occupational and
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of evaluating median effective concentrations of chemicals with bio-
luminescent bacteria. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
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Thomulka K.W., McGee D.J., Lange J.H. (1993). Use of the bioluminescent
bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum to detect potentially biohaz-
ardous materials in water. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
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Winder C. and Carmondy M. (2002). The dermal toxicity of cement. Toxi-
cology and Industrial Health. 18:321–31.
Wong C.K. and Pak A.P. (2004). Acute and subacute toxicity of the heavy
metals copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc, individually and in mix-
tures to the fresh water copepod Mesocyclops peheiensis. Bulletin of
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Zyadah M.A. and Abdel-Baky T.E. (2000). Toxicity and bioaccumulation
of copper, zinc, and cadmium in some aquatic organisms. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 64:740–47.J. H. LANGE
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