1178 URBAN AIR POLLUTION MODELING
Panofsky, H.A. and Brier, G.W. (1958), Some Applications of Statistics to
Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA.
Panofsky,^ H.A. and Brier, G.W. (1984), “Air Pollution Meteorology” Ency-
clopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol. 1, Gordon
and Breach, New York.
Panofsky, H.A. and Prasad, B. (1967), The effect of meteorological factors
on air pollution in a narrow valley, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 6,
No. 3, pp. 494–499.
Pelliccioni, A. and Poli, U. (2000), Use of neural net models to forecast
atmospheric pollution, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 65,
pp. 297–304.
Petersen, R.L. (1996), A wind tunnel evaluation of methods for estimating
surface roughness length at industrial facilities, Atmospheric Environ-
ment, 31, pp. 45–57.
Pitts, R.O. and Lyons, T.J. (1992), A coupled mesoscale/particle model
applied to an urban area, Atmospheric Environment, 26B, No. 3,
pp. 279–289.
Pokrovskya, O.M., Kwokb, R.H.F., and Ng, C.N. (2002), Fuzzy logic
approach for description of meteorological impacts on urban air pol-
lution species: a Hong Kong case study, Computers and Geosciences,
28, pp. 119–127.
Pooler, F., Jr. (1961), A prediction model of mean urban pollution for use
with standard wind roses, International Journal of Air and Water Pol-
lution,^ 4, Nos. 3/4, pp. 199–211.
Pooler, F., Jr. (1966), A tracer study of dispersion over a city, Journal of the
Air Pollution Control Association, 16, No. 12, pp. 677–681.
Qin, Y. and Oduyemi, K. (2003), Atmospheric aerosol source identification
and estimates of source contributions to air pollution in Dundee, UK,
Atmospheric Environment, 37, pp. 1799–1809.
Raghavan, N., Goyal, P., and Basu, S. (1983), A Gaussian model for pre-
dicting SO 2 concentration in the city of Agra, Atmospheric Environ-
ment, 17, No. 11, pp. 2199–2203.
Rao, K.S. (2002), ROADWAY-2: a model for pollutant dispersion near
highways, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus, 2, pp. 261–277.
Rao, K.S., Ku, J., and Rao, S.T. (1989), A comparison study of three urban air
pollution models, Atmospheric Environment, 23, No. 4, pp. 793–801.
Reddy, P.J., Barbarick, D.E., and Osterburg, R.D. (1995), Development of
a statistical model for forecasting episodes of visibility degradation in
the Denver metropolitan area, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 34, No.
3, pp. 616–625.
Riccio, A. and Barone, G. (2001), Real-time forecasting of photo smog
episodes: the Naples case study, Journal of Chemometrics, 15,
pp. 571–589.
Roberts, J.J., Croke, E.S., and Kennedy, A.S. (1970), An Urban Atmo-
spheric Dispersion Model, Proceedings of the Symposium on Multiple
Source Urban Diffusion Models, pp. 6-1–6-70.
Roberts, J.J., Croke, E.S., and Kennedy, A.S. (1971), Chicago Air Pollution
Systems Analysis Program, Final Report, Argonne National Labora-
tory, ANLIES-CC-009, February, pp. 198–209.^
Sahm, P., Louka, P., Ketzel, M., Guilloteau, E., and Sini, J.F. (2002),
Intercomparison of numerical urban dispersion models—part I: street
canyon and single building configurations, Water, Air, and Soil Pollu-
tion: Focus, 2, pp. 587–601.
San José, R., Rodríguez, M. A., Salas, I., and González, R.M. (2000), On
the use of MRF/AVN global information to improve the operational air
quality model Opana, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 65,
p. 477–484.
Schatzmann, M. and Leitl, B. (2002), Validation and application of obsta-
cle-resolving urban dispersion models, Atmospheric Environment, 36,
pp. 4811–4821.
Schatzmann, M., Leitl, B., and Liedtke, J. (2000), Dispersion in urban envi-
ronments: comparison of field measurements with wind tunnel results,
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 65, pp. 249–257.
Scheffe, R.D. and Morris, R.E. (1993), A review of the development and
application of the urban airshed model, Atmospheric Environment,
27B, No. 1, pp. 23–39.
Schlink, U. and Volta, M. (2000), Grey box and component models to fore-
cast ozone episodes: a comparison study, Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment, 65, pp. 313–321.
Schroeder, W.H. and Lane, D.A. (1988), The fate of toxic airborne pollut-
ants, Environmental Science and Technology, 22, pp. 240–246.Scott, H.J. (1954), Cleveland cooperative meteorological and air pollu-
tion program, paper no. 54-A-166, presented at Annual Meeting of the
American Society for Mechanical Engineers, New York, November
28–December 3.
Silva, C., Pérez, P., and Trier, A. (2001), Statistical modeling and prediction
of atmospheric pollution by particulate material: two nonparametric
approaches, Environmetrics, 12, pp. 147–159.
Simpson, R.W., Daly, N.J., and Jakeman, A.J. (1983), The prediction of
maximum air pollution concentrations for TSP and CO using Larsen’s
model and the ATDL model, Atmospheric Environment, 17, No. 12,
pp. 2497–2503.
Slade, D.H. (1967), Modeling air pollution in the Washington, DC to Boston
megalopolis, Science, 157, No. 3794, pp. 1794–1307.
Sloane, C.S. and Wolff, G.T. (1985), Prediction of ambient light scatter-
ing using a physical model responsive to relative humidity: validation
with measurements from Detroit, Atmospheric Environment, 19, No. 4,
pp. 669–680.
Smith, F.B. (1982), In tropospheric chemistry and air pollution, WMO
Technical Note No. 176, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva,
pp. 11–32.
Smith, M.E. (1961), International Symposium for Chemical Reaction of the
Lower and Upper Atmosphere, San Francisco, Advance Papers, Stan-
ford Research Institute, pp. 273–286.^
Soulhac, L., Puel, C., Duclaux, O., and Perkins, R.J. (2003), Simulations of
atmospheric pollution in Greater Lyon: an example of the use of nested
models, Atmospheric Environment, 37, pp. 5137–5156.
Steven, R., Hanna, S.R., Britter, R., and Franzese, P. (2003), A baseline
urban dispersion model evaluated with Salt Lake City and Los Angeles
tracer data, Atmospheric Environment, 37, pp. 5069–5082.
Theodoridis, G., Karagiannis, V., and Valougeorgis, D. (2002), Numerical
prediction of dispersion characteristics in an urban area based on grid
refinement and various turbulence models, Water, Air, and Soil Pollu-
tion: Focus, 2, pp. 525–539.
Turner, D.B. (1964), A diffusion model for an urban area, Journal of Applied
Meteorology, No. 1, pp. 85–91.
Turner, D.B. (1967), Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates, Public
Health Service Publication, No. 999-AP-26, Environmental Health
Series, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Turner, D.B. (1968), The diurnal and day-to-day variations of fuel usage
of space heating in St. Louis, Missouri, Atmospheric Environment, 2,
pp. 339–351.
Ulke, A.G. and Andrade, M.F. (2001), Modeling urban air pollution in
Sao Paulo, Brazil: sensitivity of model predicted concentrations to
different turbulence parameterizations, Atmospheric Environment, 35,
pp. 1747–1763.
Vardoulakis, S., Fisher, B.E.A., Gonzalez-Flesca, N., and Pericleous, K.
(2002), Model sensitivity and uncertainty analysis using road-
side air quality measurements, Atmospheric Environment, 36,
pp. 2121–2134.
Vardoulakis, S., Fisher, B.E.A., Pericleous, K., and Gonzalez-Flesca, N.
(2003), Modeling air quality in street canyons: a review, Atmospheric
Environment, 37, pp. 155–182.
Vardoulakis, S., Gonzalez-Flesca, N., Fisher, and B.E.A. (2002), Assess-
ment of traffic-related air pollution in two street canyons in Paris:
implications for exposure studies, Atmospheric Environment, 36,
pp. 1025–1039.
Vautard, R., Beekmann, M., Roux, J., and Gombert, D. (2001), Validation
of a hybrid forecasting system for the ozone concentrations over the
Paris area, Atmospheric Environment, 35, pp. 2449–2461
Viotti, P., Liuti, G., and Di Genova, P. (2002), Atmospheric urban pollu-
tion: applications of an artificial neural network (ANN) to the city of
Perugia, Ecological Modeling, 148, pp. 27–46.
Vlachogiannis, D., Andronopoulos, S., Passamichali, A., Gounaris,
N., and Bartzis, J. (2000), A three-dimensional model study of the
impact of AVOC and BVOC emissions on ozone in an urban area
of the eastern Spain, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 65,
pp. 41–48.
Vlachogiannis, D., Rafailidis, S., Bartzis, J.G., Andronopoulos, S., and
Venetsanos, A.G. (2002), Modelling of flow and pollution dispersion
in a two dimensional urban street canyon, Water, Air, and Soil Pollu-
tion: Focus, 2, pp. 405–417.C021_001_r03.indd 1178C021_001_r03.indd 1178 11/18/2005 1:31:37 PM11/18/2005 1:31:37 PM