1240 VAPOR AND GASEOUS POLLUTANT FUNDAMENTALS
Mercury VaporActivated carbon, impregnated with elemental sulfur, has
been found effective for removing mercury vapor from air or
other gas streams (Lovett and Cunniff, 1974). Impregnating
the sulfur on activated carbon can increase the reaction rate
of mercury vapor and sulfur due to the enormous internal
surface area. When the carbon is spent, mercury can be
recovered by thermal oxidation in a retort.
Measurements of losses through roof vents help to deter-
mine overall fume control performance as summarized in the
Indoor Air Pollution article. The emission factors for various
sources are available from the US EPA’s Air Chief software.
These factors, referred to as AP-42 factors, are presented for
uncontrolled facilities as well as for facilities having air pol-
lution control equipment in place. Factors for which control
technology is indicated, do not necessarily reflect the best
available or state-of-the-art controls, but rather reflect the
level of (typical) control for which data were available at the
time the information was published.
The factors are strongly influenced by the type of
fuel being combusted and a separate chapter is devoted to
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION SOURCES. These include
steam/electric generating plants, industrial boilers, and com-
mercial and domestic combustion units. Coal, fuel oil, and
natural gas are the major fossil fuels used by these sources.
Liquefied petroleum fuels are also used in relatively small
quantities. A number of other fuel types are reviewed.
Power generation, process heating, and space heating
are some of the largest fuel combustion sources of sulfur
oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate emissions. The
commercially available control technology for removing
gaseous pollutants is discussed for each fuel. In addition to
the external combustion sources, other categories covered
are as follows:
(1) Solid Waste Disposal, (2) Stationary Internal
Combustion Sources, (3) Evaporation Loss Sources,
(4) Petroleum Industry, (5) Organic Chemical Process Industry,
(6) Liquid Storage Tanks, (7) Inorganic Chemical Industry,
(8) Food And Agricultural Industries, (9) Wood Product
Industries, (10) Mineral Products Industry, (11) Metallurgical
Industry, (12) Miscellaneous Sources, and (13) Greenhouse
Gas Biogenic Sources.
Because emission factors essentially represent an aver-
age of a range of emission rates, approximately half of
the subject sources will have emission rates greater than the
emission factor and the other half will have emission rates
less than the factor. As such, a permit limit using an AP-42
emission factor would result in half of the sources being in
noncompliance. Also, for some sources, sources often are
tested more frequently when they are new and when they are
believed to be operating properly, and either situation may
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