Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

WATER: PROPERTIES, STRUCTURE, AND OCCURRENCE IN NATURE 1299

H

Li Be B CNO F

He

Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca

Sr

Ba

As Se Br Kr

I

H 2 O

–1.74 –1.74

Li+

4.6

BeOH+ (?)

9.2

H 3 BO 3 ,B(OH) 4

3.39

HCO 3

2.64 30 1.97

N 2 , NO 3 H 2 O, O 2

–1.74–1.74

F–, MgF+

8.8

4.17 5.3 8.15

0.26 3.66 6.96

SO2– 4 (NaSO 4 ) Cl–

1.55 3.92

Se O 3 2–

8.6

I–, IO 3 –

6.3

H AsO 42 –

7.3

HPO 4 (MgPO 4 )

• 
  

  – ––

  
  

5.3

H 4 SiO 4

4.15 3.7

Al (OH) 4 –

1.27 3.77 7.1

Na+ Mg2+,MgSO 4

0.33 3.57

K+

1.99 4.23

Ca2+,(CaSO 4 )

1.99 3.42

Sr2+

4.05

Ba2+

6.8

Br–

3.08 8.6

Major Species (1)

Conc. Seawater –log M (2)

Conc. River water –log M (3)

FIGURE 10 Some of the more important elements in natural waters, their form of occurrence and concentrations. Elements

whose distribution is significantly affected by biota are shaded. P, N, and Si (fully shaded) often become depleted in surface waters.

a) Species in parentheses are major ion pairs in sea water. b) Concentrations (M = mol/1) valid for seawater from P.G. Brewer in

Chemical Oceanography, Volume 1, J.P. Riley and G. Skirrow, eds, Academic Press, London 1975. c) From A.D. Livingstone,

Chemical Components of River and Lakes, US Geol. Survey Paper, 440 G, 1963.

FIGURE 11 Cumulative distribution of inorganic species terrestrial waters. The curves represent the percentage of waters

with concentrations below that indicated on the horizontal axis. Data are mostly from the United States from various sources.

S.N. Davies and R.C.M. Dewiest, Hydrogeology, Wiley, New York, 1966.

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0.01 0.1^110501001000

Uranium

Mn

2+

Al

3+

Li+

Br

• 
  

Boron

Fe

2+

F–

Sr

2+

Fe

2+

Sr2+

NO^3

• 
  

NO^3

• 
  

K+

K+

Mg

2+

SO^4

2–

SiO

2

Cl

• 
  

SiO

2

Na

+

Ca

2+

Ca

2+

SO

2– 4

HCO

• 3

Total dissolved solids

Percentage of waters

Parts per million

C023_004_r03.indd 1299C023_004_r03.indd 1299 11/18/2005 11:12:33 AM11/18/2005 11:12:33 AM