Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

1306 WATER: PROPERTIES, STRUCTURE, AND OCCURRENCE IN NATURE

TABLE 9

Reactions pertinent to the chemical management

of water and waste water quality

(Reagent used are underlined)

Precipitation softening

a) Carbonate hardness (temporary or non-incrustant hardness)

Ca 2HCO Ca(OH) 2CaCO (s) 2H O

Mg 2HCO 2Ca(OH) Mg(

2

3232

2

32





  

 OOH) (s) 2CaCO (s) 2H O 232 

b) Non-carbonate hardness (permanent or incrustant hardness)

Ca SO Na CO CaCO (s) 2Na SO

Mg SO Ca(OH) N

2

4

2

23 3 4

2

2

4

2

2

 



   

 aa g(OH) (s) CaCO (s)

2Na SO

223

4

2

CO 3    



Iron and manganese removal

2Fe^1

2

O (g) 5H O 2Fe(OH) (s) 4H

Mn^1

2

O(g) HO MnO(s)

2

22 3

(^2222)


 

 


2H
Fe^2 HCO 332 OH FeCO (s) H O
Phosphate removal
AI H PO AIPO (s) H
Fe H PO FePO (s) H
10Ca
3
44
3
44
2
 
 

 

n
n3
n
n3
n
n
6H POn 4 n^3 (nn2)OH Ca (PO ) (OH) (s) 10 4 6 2 H O 2
Ion exchange
(Brackets, {}, are used to designate a positively or negatively charged
polymer network of cation or anion exchange resin with many exchange
sites)
HR Na NaR H
2 NaR Ca CaR 2Na
RCl OH ROH Cl
2
{} { }
{} {}
{} { }
 
 
 



2 2 ROH{}SO 42 {}R SO 24 2OH
Formation of coagulants and flocculants
nm m
nm m
m
nm
nm
nmnm
Fe H O Fe (OH) H
Al H O Al (OH) H
Na S
3
2
3
3 2 3
2


 
 
iiO 324 (nm m2 )HH OH SiOn()nmm^4 2 Nam
Polyelectrolytes; flocculation aids
CH CH CHCOO CH
CH CH CHC H NCH
32 3
3255 3+
()
n (polyacrylate, anionic)
(()nCH 3 (polyvinylpyridinium, cationic)
Chlorination
Cl g H O HOCl H Cl
NH HOCl NH Cl H O
NH Cl HOCl NHCl H
22
322
22
() 
 
 

22 O
alteration of social and economic activity toward a situation
where resources and materials are recycled.
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WERNER STUMM (DECEASED)

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology

STEVEN GHERINI

Harvard University

MARTIN FORSBERG

Harvard University

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