DESALINATION 223
Oil fired distillation plants require about 0.5 barrels of oil
per m^3 produced fresh water with a performance ratio around- Solar distillation or solar-driven desalination have free
energy but are still very expensive. To produce one m^3 of fresh
water by conventional solar distillation the solar energy equiv-
alent to oil is about 1.3 barrels of oil with a performance ratio
of about 5. Solar energy is now used indirectly to drive con-
ventional small size desalination plants and one day the sun’s
energy may be trapped 100%, not 2% as is the reality today.
In Figure 21 the increases in capacity of the desalination
processes are presented by process, starting from the years
of their commercial application.^5
BIBLIOGRAPHY- P. Meigs, World distribution of arid and semi-arid homoclimates,
Reviews of Research on Arid-Zone Hydrology, UNESCO: Paris, Fold
Maps, 1960. - World Health Organization, International Standards for Drinking Water,
Geneva, a970,—Recommendations of the Guidelines for Drinking
Water Quality, 139 pp., 1984. - V. Belessiotis and E. Delyannis, Solar Energy: Some Proposals for
Future Development and Application to Desalination. Presented at
the Symposium on “ Desalination for Europe ,” Amsterdam 15–16 May
1995 (in print in Desalination). - A. Delyannis and E. Delyannis, Gmelin Handbuch der Anorganishen
Chemie, Water Desalting, 340 pp., Springer Verlag, 1974. - K. Wagnick, IDA Worldwide Desalting Plants Inventory, IDA, Topsfi eld,
Mass., Rept. No. 13, 385 pp., 1994. - M.W. Kellog Co., Saline Water Conversion Data Book, Washington D.C.,
270 pp., 1965. - Exodus 15, 22–25 (About 15th Century A.D.).
- E. Delyannis and V. Belessiotis, Solar desalination: Part I and II,
Desalination and Water Reuse, 4, No. 4, 9/14, and 5, 28/34, 1995. - A.A. Delyannis and E. Delyannis, Solar Desalination, Desalination 50,
71/81, 1984. - N. Robinson, Solar Radiation, Elsevier Publ. Co., 345 pp., 1966.
- V. Belessiotis, K. Voropoulos and E. Delyannis, Experimental method
for the determination of the daily output of a solar still, Desalination
100 , Special Issue, 1995. - K. Voropoulos, E. Delyannis and V. Belessiotis, Thermohydraulic sim-
ulation of a solar distillation system under pseudo-steady-state condi-
tions, 1997. - E. Delyannis and V. Belessiotis, Solar application in desalination,
Desalination 100 , 1995. - A. Delyannis and E. Howe, Report of W.P. on recommended procedure
for costing of solar stills. C.S.I.R.O., Int. Rept. No. 77, Melbourne, 1971. - T. Lawand, Systems for Solar Distillation, Proc. Appropriate
Technologies for Semi. Arid Areas, 201/250, 1975. - E. Delyannis, V. Belessiotis and A. Delyannis, Collector Assisted Solar
Distillation, Proc. 7th Inter. Symposium on “ Fresh Water from the Sea, ”
2, 383/387, 1980. - H.J.T. Sousa and V. Janish, Dessalinizacao Solar, G.T.Z.-Gov. Reg.
Madeira, Rept. Nov., 1986. - G.B. De La Porta, “De Distillatione,” Libri IX, Roma, 1608.
- M. Takada, Proc. 5th International Symposium on “ Fresh Water from
the Sea ” 2 , 325/333, 1976. - M.A. Darwish, Thermal Analysis of VC Desalination System,
Desalination 69 , No. 1, 275/295, 1988.
GENERAL BOOKS ON DESALINATION- G. Belfort, Editor, Monograph on Synthetic Membrane Processes
(Academic Press, New York, 576 pp., 1984). - A. Delyannis, Nuclear Energy Centers and Agro-Industrial Complexes
(I.A.E.A., Vienna, Technical Report Series No. 140, 138 pp., 1972). - A. Delyannis and E. Delyannis, Water Desalting, Gmelin Handbuch
der Anorganische Chemie, “ Sauerstoff ” (in English), (Springer
Verlag, Heidelberg, 338 pp., 1974, and Supplement to volume one
360 pp., 1979). - M. D’Orival, Water Desalting and Nuclear Energy (Verlag Karl
Thiemig, Munich, Vol. 16, 194 pp., 1967). - H.G. Heitmann, Saline Water Processing, VCH 332 pp., 1990.
- E.D. Howe, Fundamentals of Water Desalination (Marcel Dekker Inc.,
New York, 344 pp., 1974). - A.H. Khan, Desalination Processes and MSF Distillation Practice
(Elsevier, Amsterdam, 504 pp., 1986). - B.Z. Khosaim and J.S. Williamson, Solar Water Desalting (Second
SOLERAS Workshop, Denver, Colorado, USA, 1981, NTIS, MRI/
SOL-0901, 364 pp., 1984). - R.E. Lacey and S. Loeb, Industrial Processing with Membranes (John
Wiley and Sons, New York, 348 pp., 1972). - N. Lakshminarayanaiah, Transport Phenomena in Membranes
(Academic Press, New York, 519 pp., 1969). - N. Lior, Editor, Measurements and Control in Water Desalination
(Elsevier, Amsterdam, 480 pp., 1986). - M.A.S. Malik, C.N. Tiwari, A. Kumar and M.S. Sodha, Solar
Distillation (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 175 pp., 1982). - R.F. Madsen, Hyperfi ltration and Ultrafi ltration in Plate and Frame
Systems (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 367 pp., 1977). - U. Merten, Desalination by Reverse Osmosis (The M.I.T. Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 288 pp., 1966). - A. Porteous, Saline Water Distillation Process (Longman Group Ltd.,
London, 150, pp., 1975). - R.G. Post and R.L. Searl, Water Purifi cation Using Nuclear Energy
(The Univ. of Arizona Press, Tuscon, 292 pp., 1966). - K.S. Spiegler, Principles of Desalination (Academic Press, New York,
566 pp., 1966). - K.S. Spiegler and Y.M. El-Sayed, A Desalination Primer (Balaban
Desalination Publications, 215 pp., 1994). - E. Staude, Membranen und Membrane Prozesse (VCH 324 pp., 1992).
- G. Tschobanoglous and E.D. Schroeder, Water Quality (Addison-
Wosley Publ. Co., Menlo Park, Cal., 768 pp., 1985). - S. Sourirajan and K. Matsuura, Reverse Osmosis/Ultrafi ltration
Processes Principles (Nat. Res. Council Canada, 1113 pp., 1985).
ANNUAL REVIEWS ON DESALINATION- A. Delyannis and E. Delyaanis, Seawater and Desalting, Vol. 1 to 5,
covering 1980 to 1985, about 15,000 abstracts. - E. Delyannis, Seawater and Desalting, Vol. 6, 1985 to 1987,
(E. Delyannis, Editor, 323 pp., 1988). - A. Delyannis and V. Belessiotis, Editors. Desalination Abstracts, Vol. 1,
Balaban Desalination Publications, in print, 1989/1990 and up to 1995. - Solar Desalting Abstracts, www Ariadne-t-gr, Phaethon.
E. DELYANNIS
V. BELESSIOTIS
Laboratory for Testing & Development of Solar
and other Energy Systems of the National
Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
Aghia Paraskevi, Greece.DESULFURIZATION: see FOSSIL FUEL CLEANING PROCESSES; VAPOR AND
GASEOUS POLLUTANT CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSC004_001_r03.indd 223C004_001_r03.indd 223 11/18/2005 10:19:02 AM11/18/2005 10:19:02 AM