Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

424 FOSSIL FUEL CLEANING PROCESSES

nations in Asia and Latin America, nations are reviewing their

fuel alternatives. One such fuel is petroleum coke (PC), being

produced at a worldwide rate of over 50 tons per year in 2000.

PC is a byproduct of oil refi ning that can be burned along with

other fossil fuels. The cement industry is currently one of the

widest consumers of blended PC. When co-fi ring liquid or

gaseous fuel, PC will usually require additional control equip-

ment for particulate and sulfur oxides reduction. In boilers

cofi ring coal particulate controls may be adequate since PC ash

contents are low, however, the fl ue gas may require scrubbers

to reduce sulfur oxides, since PC sulfur contents are high. See

table for typical PC properties. The low ash content and low

grindability reduce solids handling costs. The high vanadium

content may, however, contribute to secondary plumes prob-

lems in the absence of sulfur removal equipment.

REFERENCES

1. Myerboff, A.A., American Scientist 69, 624 (1981).


2. Lynch, M.C., Chem. Eng. Prog. 84, 20–25 (Mar. 1988).


3. Balzhiser, R.E., Chem. Eng. 74–96 (Jan. 11, 1982).
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4. Finfer, E.Z., J. Air Poll. Control Asso. 15, 485–488 (1965).


5. Harris, R.D. and R.G. Moses, “Coal Desulfurization” at MECAR Sym-
   posium, Feb. 24, 1966.


6. Beckberger, L.H., E.H. Burk, J.H. Frankovich, J.O. Siemssen, and J.S.
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7. Parkinson, J.W. and E.R. Torak, EPRI Report #CS-3808, Feb. 1985,
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8. Bartenope, D.P. and E.N. Ziegler, Enc. of Env. Sci. and Eng. 2,
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9. Hoog, H.J. Inst. Petrol. 36, 738 (1950).


10. Trowbridge, T.F., Chem. Eng. Prog. 84, 26–33 (Mar. 1988).


11. Bartok, W., R.K. Lyon, A.D. McIntyre, L.A. Ruth and R.E. Sommer-
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12. Bowling, K.M., H.W. Rottendofr and A.B. Waugh, J. Inst. of Energy
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13. Genereux, R.P. and Doucette, B., Power, July/August 1996.

EDWARD N. ZIEGLER

Polytechnic University

Ultimate & Proximate Analyses and Ash Contend of

Delayed PC, Typical Weight %, As Received

Species Avg. Range

Carbon 80 75–86

Hydrogen 3.3 3.0–3.6

Nitrogen 1.6 1.3–1.9

Sulfur 4.5 3.4–5.3

Ash 0.27 0.0–0.6

Oxygen 0.1 0.0–0.1

Moisture 10.6 5.5–15.0

HHV, kBtu/ lb 13.5 12.6–14.5

Volatile Matter 10 8–6

Ash Analysis, ppm

Vanadium  2000 500–000

Nickel 336 250–50

Iron 84 50–50

FRESH WATER: see EUTROPHICATION, WATER—FRESH

GASEOUS POLLUTANT CONTROL:

see VAPOR AND GASEOUS POLLUTANT FUNDAMENTALS

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