INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 527
mutagenicity, and/or teratogenicity; substances structurally
similar to aforementioned compounds; and substances known
to have toxic effects on human beings or aquatic organisms
at sufficiently high concentrations and which are present in
the industrial effluents. There are many specific elements or
compounds that have been identified as priority pollutants.
These include metals, organics, cyanides, and asbestos.
To provide incentives, the Clean Water Act offered
federal cost sharing to cover 75 percent of treatment plant
construction. In the 1987 amendments, Congress set up a
mechanism for states to develop revolving loan funds to pay
for future pollution control facilities.^6Toxic Substance Control ActThe Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976 (TSCA), was
enacted to regulate the introduction and use of new hazard-
ous chemicals.^7 Under TSCA regulations, industry must
furnish data on the anticipated production, usage, and health
effects of all new chemical substances and mixtures before
they are manufactured for commercial distribution. TSCA
also regulates the manufacture, processing, use, and final
disposal of all chemical substances.
The Resources Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
(RCRA) restricts the disposal of hazardous waste into the
atmosphere, bodies of water, or on land.^8 Thus RCRA was
enacted to protect the quality of groundwater, surface water,
the land, and the air from contamination by solid wastes.
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
(HSWA) emphasized the protection of groundwater through
the use of leachate collection (double liners), and monitor-
ing of underground tanks; upgraded criteria for disposing
of municipal solid wastes in landfills; and established new
requirements for the management and treatment of small
quantities of hazardous wastes.^9
The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compen-
sation and Liabilities Act of 1980 (CERLA), the so-called
Superfund legislation, was designed primarily to address the
problem or the financial cleaning of abandoned or illegal
hazardous waste sites.^10 The Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) provided funds and a
timetable and guidance for cleanup standards.^11
The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 restates the waste
reduction mandate in the 1984 HSWA amendments to RCRA.
A pollution prevention office within the EPA was also created
by this law along with the expansion of the reporting require-
ments of the SARA, emergency planning, and community
right-to-know provisions. Organizations subject to these pro-
vision are required to report the steps taken to achieve waste
reduction.^12STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONThe U.S. Government Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) lists 20 broad industry types bearing two-digit identi-
fication numbers. More specific classification of industry is
achieved through three and four digit systems. As an example,Standard Industrial Classification 20 is for Food and Kindred
Products; 202 for Dairy Products; and 2021, 2022 and 2023
for Creamery Butter, Cheese, and Condensed and Evaporated
Milk.^13MAJOR CONTAMINANTS—INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
AND EFFECTSThe initial step in the rational development of industrial pol-
lution control is to identify and characterize the major indus-
trial contaminants. Generally pollutants can be classified in
three basic categories. These categories and parameters are
listed below:(A) Physical PropertiesTemperature
Insoluble components
Floating, settleable and suspended matters
Color
Odor
Foamability
Corrosiveness
Radioactivity(B) Chemical CompositionOrganic matter
Inorganic matter
Total dissolved solids
Acid-Base
pH
Acidity
Alkalinity
Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Extractables
Oil
Grease
Reaction
Oxidizing
Reducing
Chlorine demand(C) Biological EffectsDecomposition
Biodegradable
Nonbiodegradable
Toxic
Organic—phenols, pesticides, polychlorinated biphe-
nyls (PCB), benzidine, etc.
Inorganic—heavy metals and cyanide
Pathogens
Industrial sources as well as major water quality effects
of some of these materials are summarized in Table 1.^14C009_004_r03.indd 527C009_004_r03.indd 527 11/18/2005 10:31:54 AM11/18/2005 10:31:54 AM