666 MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE
conducted in Naples (Collier County), Florida. In addition,
several sites in New York State are being evaluated for possible
research into this technology.Some Special ProblemsRadioactive solid wastes create special problems and are
discussed elsewhere in a section on Radioactive Wastes.
Industrial wastes, as mentioned previously, has been
dumped as a general rule. Because of the high specialized
nature of industrial wastes, it is impossible to discuss them
in a general way. Total recycling of many industrial wastes
will become a more frequent practice. Mine tailings will find
their way into construction material, fill, or may be recycled
into the mines. Slag from steel mills should become less of a
problem as different processes are used but will still remain
a significant contributor; slag can be used in special concrete
and efforts in this area will continue.
Sewage sludge (see: SEWAGE) presents some special
problems. To date it has generally been dumped. Composting
(see: COMPOSTING) should be a major process for han-
dling sewage sludges. Several attempts to sell composted
sludge have only been marginal because of the lack of mar-
kets; however this should change in the future. Material that,
for economic reasons, cannot be composted, can be burned
to recover waste heat in specially designed incinerators.
More of a problem will be spent solids from water treat-
ment facilities. These solids are high in carbonates and often
have a foul odor due to entrained organic material. They are
now being filled and this practice will have to continue unless
chemical recovery methods which produce a useful product
are found; this is not likely as carbonates are in oversupply.
The management of solid wastes will undergo dramatic
changes in the next decade. From a “cottage industry” it
will emerge as a major process industry recovering many
vital materials and converting others into valuable products.
Landfill and incineration will continue to play a role with the
former decreasing in importance and the latter coming into
greater prominence. However new process technology, only
some of which is now in development, will play an ever more
important role in total solid waste resource management.BIBLIOGRAPHYGeneral- Amer. Public Works Ass’n, Inst. for Solids Wastes, Municipal Refuse
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Dept. NEW, PHS Pub. 2018, 1970. - Train, R.E. (Chairman), Environmental Quality — 1st Ann. Report of the
Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, Chapter VI, 1970. - Hanks, T.G., Solid Wastes/Disease Relationships, U.S. Dept. HEW,
PHS Pub. No. 999-UIH-6, Cincinnati, 1967. - Cooke, L.M. (Chairman), Cleaning Our Environment, The Chemical
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9. Mantell, C.L., Solid Waste, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1975.
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Needs and Practices, 1 , Municipal Inventory, 2 , Industrial Inventory,
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00046, Cincinnati, 1969. - Brunner, D.R. and D.J. Keller, Sanitary Landfill Design and Operation,
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- Toxicity of Leachates, EPA-600/2-80-057, USEPA, 1980.
Disposal methods, incineration- Corey, T.C. (ed.), Principles and Practices of Incineration, Wiley,
New York, 1970. - DeMarco, J. et al. , Incinerator Guidelines, U.S. Dept. HEW, PHS Pub.
2012, Washington, 1969. - Day and Zimmerman, Special Studies for Incinerators — for the Govern-
ment District of Columbia, U.S. Dept. HEW, PHS Pub. 1748, Cincinnati,
1968. - Combustion Power Co., Combustion Power Unit-400, U.S. Dept. HEW,
PHS, Rockville, Md, 1969. - Achinger, W.C. and L.E. Daniels, An Evaluation of Seven Incinerators,
SW-51ts, USEPA 1970. - Ruble, F. N., Incineration of Solid Waste, Noyes Pub, New Jersey,
1975. - Sittig, M., Incineration of Industrial Waste, Noyes Pub, New Jersey,
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