Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineering, Volume I and II

(Ben Green) #1

954 PCBs AND ASSOCIATED AROMATICS



  1. Mathews R.W.; J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 , 80, 457 (1984).

  2. H. Sugimoto, S. Matsumoto and D.T.S. Sawyer; J. Am. Chem. Soc,
    109 , 1081 (1987).

  3. Niessen R., D. Lenoir and P. Boule; “Phototransformation of Phenol
    Induced by Excitation of Nitrate Ions”; Chemosphere, 17 , 1977 (1988).

  4. Merrill E.W., D.R. Mabry, R.B. Shulz, W.D. Coleman, J.G. Trump and
    K.A. Wright; “Destruction of Trace Toxic Compounds in Water and
    Sludge by Ionizing Radiation”; paper presented at E.I.Ch.E. National
    Meeting, November 1977.

  5. Choi P.S.K., H. Nack and J.E. Flinn; Distribution of PCBs in an
    Aerated Biological Oxidation Wastewater Treatment System”; Bull.
    Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 11 , 12 (1974).

  6. Wong P.T.S. and K.L.E. Kaiser: “Bacterial Degradation of PCBs II.
    Rate Studies”; Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 13 , 249 (1975).

  7. Kaiser K.L.E. and P.T.S. Wong; “Bacterial Degradation of PCBs I.
    Identification of Some Metabolic Products from Arocior 1242.”; Bull.
    Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 11 , 291 (1974).

  8. Ahmed M. and D.D. Focht; Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10 , 70
    (1973). A pure culture of Achromobacter, isolated from sewage, was
    able to degrade various PCBs.

  9. Ahmed M. and D.D. Focht; Can. J. Microbiol. 19 , 47 (1973). Two
    species of Achromobacter were isolated from sewage. Washed cell
    suspensions degraded PCBs without dechlorination.

  10. Furukawa K. and F. Matsumura; J. Agric. Food Chem. 24 , 251 (1976).
    An Alcaligenes species isolated from lake sediments degraded highly
    chlorinated PCBs less rapidly than those with less Cl. PCBs with no
    Cl on one ring were degraded faster than those in which Cl occurred
    on both rings.

  11. Baxter R.A., P.E. Gilbert, R.A. Lidgett, J.H. Mainprize and
    H.A. Vodden; Sci. Total Environ., 4 , 53 (1975). PCBs with up to six
    Cl atoms were degraded by microorganisms. Less chlorinated PCBs
    were degraded before those with a higher Cl content. Some PCBs
    were more readily degraded as mixtures than when pure.

  12. Neu H.J. and K. Ballschmiter; Chemosphere, 6 , 419 (1977). A Study
    of the Metabolism of 4- Chlorobiphenyt by Soil Bacteria to Form Phe-
    nolic Derivatives.

  13. Ballschmiter K., C. Unglert and H.J. Neu; Chemosphere, 6 , 51
    (1977). A mixed culture of cell bacteria grown on benzene as sole
    C-source was incubated with PCBs. Chlorobenzoic acid derivatives
    accumulated.

  14. Sayler G.S., M. Schon and R.R. Colwell; Microb. Ecol., 3 , 241 (1977).
    A Pseudomonas species, isolated from Chesapeake Bay, degraded
    pure isomers and mixtures of PCBS. Up to 84% of Aroclor 1254 was
    degraded in 60 days.

  15. Nissen T.V.; Tiddskr. Planteavl., 77 , 533 (1973) Aroclor 1254 was not
    degraded after nine weeks in moist soil at 25°C.

  16. Vockel D. and F. Korte; Chemosphere, 3 , 177 (1974). 2,2Dichloro-
    biphenyl was not degraded by any microorganisms or soil samples
    tested under several conditions of incubation.

  17. Iwata Y., W.E. Westlake and F.A. Gunther; “Study of the Persistence
    of Aroclor 1254 in California Soils”; Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,
    9 , 204 (1973).

  18. Bailey R.L., W.L. Rhinehart, S.J. Gonsior, T.L. Batchelder, C.G.
    Mendoza and W.B. Neely; “Mass Balance of “C-Labelled PCBs
    Biodegraded in River Water”; paper presented at the Society of Env.
    Toxicol. And Chem. symposium, Arlington, VA, November 1981.

  19. Neely W.B.; “Mathematical Model to Predict the Lifetime of PCB
    Congeners in the Environment”; Chemtech. , 11 , 249 (1981).

  20. Camoni I. et al., ; “Laboratory Investigation for the Microbiological
    Degradation of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Soil by Addition of Organic Com-
    post” in “Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Impact on
    the Environment” O. Hutzinger et al. Eds. Pergamon Press, 1982
    pp. 95–103.

  21. Huetter R. and M. Philippi; “Studies on Microbial Metabolism of
    TCDD under Laboratory Conditions” in “Chlorinated Dioxins and
    Related Compounds, Impact on the Environment” O. Hutzinger et al.
    Eds. Pergamon Press pp. 87–93, 1982.

  22. Young A.L., W.J. Caimey and R. Channell; “Movement and Decon-
    tamination Studies of TCDD in Storage Sites Massively Contaminated


with Phenoxy Herbicides”; paper presented at the 3rd International
Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Salz-
burg, Austria, October 1982.


  1. Safe S., L. Robertson, T. Sawyer, S. Bandiera and L. Safe; “PCBS:
    Structure-Activity Relationships”; paper presented at the Advances in
    Exposure, Health and Environmental Effects Studies of PCBs Sympo-
    sium, Bethesda, MD, May 1982.

  2. Pellizzari E.D., M.A. Moseley, S.D. Cooper, J.V. Harry, B. Demian
    and M.D. Mullin; ibid.

  3. Schwartz T.R., R.D. Campbell, D.L. Stalling, R.L. Little, J.D. Petty,
    J.W. Hogan and E.M. Kaiser; “Laboratory Data Base for Isomer-Spe-
    cific Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls”; Anal. Chem. 56 , 1303
    (1984).

  4. Dunn W.J. III, D.L. Stalling, T.R. Schwartz, J.W. Hogan, J.D. Petty,
    E. Johansson and S. Wold; “Pattern Recognition for Classification
    and Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Environmental
    Samples”; Anal. Chem., 56 , 1308 (1984).

  5. desRosiers P.E.; “Evaluation of Technology for Wastes and Soils Con-
    taminated with Dioxins, Furans and Related Substances”; J. Hazard-
    ous Materials, 14 , 119 (1987).

  6. Connors T.F. and J.F. Rusling; “Ultrasonically-Assisted Electrocata-
    lytic Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls”; Chemosphere,
    13 , 415 (1984).

  7. Parker D.K.; “A Safe, Efficient Chemical Disposal Method for Poly-
    chlorinated Biphenyls”; Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio



  8. Oku A., K. Yasufuku and H. Kataoka; Chemistry and Industry, 841
    (1978).

  9. Arato G.J., D.R. Pugh and I. Webber; “Process for the Dechlorination
    of Polychlorinated Biphenyls”; B.C. Hydro R. & D.; patent March 10,



  10. Howard K.J. and A.E. Sidwell; Vertac Chemical Corp.; “Chemical
    Detoxication of Toxic Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds”; patent 4 ,
    327,027 April, 1982.

  11. Brunelle D.J. and D.A. Singleton; “Destruction of PCBs in Trans-
    former Oil” ACS Conference, Las Vegas, March 1982.

  12. Lee L.A.; “Removal of PCBs from Contaminated Oils with NAPEG
    Reagents”; 1981 Spring Convention of Southeastern Electric
    Exchange, April 23, 1981.

  13. Garland J. J4 “Philadelphia Solution to a National Problem”; EPRI
    PCB Seminar, Dallas, Texas, December 1981.

  14. West P.; “Organoalkali Metal Compounds”; Inorganic Chem. Series
    One Vol. 4, MTP International Review of Science, Organometallic
    Derivatives of the Main Group Elements.

  15. Maday J., M.A. Thompson and I. Webber; “Process for the Destruc-
    tion of PCBs by Chemical Reagent”; RTE patent pending.

  16. Tiernan T.O., D.J. Wagel, J.H. Garrett, G.F. Van Ness, J.G. Solch,
    L.A. Harden and C. Rogers; “Laboratory and Field Tests to Demon-
    strate the Efficacy of KPEG Reagent for Detoxification of Hazardous
    Wastes Containing PCDDs and PCDFs and Soils Contaminated with
    Such Wastes”; Chemosphere, 18 , 835, (1989).

  17. des Rosiers P.E.; “Chemical Detoxification of Dioxin Contaminated
    Wastes Using Potassium Polyethylene Glycolate”; Chemosphere, 18 ,
    343 (1989).

  18. Larsen B., S. Bwadt and S. Facchetti; “Separation of Toxic Congeners
    from PCB Mixtures on two Series Coupled Narrow-Bore Columns
    (50 m SIL-8 and 25 m HT-5); Gordon and Breach Science Publish-
    ers; Current Topics in Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry,
    Vol.16, 1993.

  19. Buser H.R.; “Formation of PCDFs and PCDDs from the pyrolysis of
    Chlorobenzenes”; Chemosphere, 8 , 415 (1979).

  20. Cullis C.F. and J.E. Manton; Trans. Faraday Soc.; 54 , 381 (1958).

  21. Mazer, Sueann L.; ‘Products of Pyrolysis and Combustion of Liquid
    PCB Substitutes”; in “Hazards, Decontamination, and Replacement
    of PCB—a Comprehensive Guide” edited by Jean-Pierre Crine, Envi-
    ronmental Science Research Volume 37, 1986.

  22. Shaw-Tao Lin and Roth, J.A.; J. Org. Chem., 44 , 309 (1979).

  23. Roth, J.A., S.R. Dakoji, R.C. Hughes and R.E. Carmody; Environ. Sci.
    Technol., 24 , 80 (1994).


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