PESTICIDES 969
Other Pesticides in HumansOther stable organochlorine insecticides or their stable metab-
olites are also found in human tissues. Surveys of the U.S.
population have shown levels of these materials in fat and
blood: BHC isomers—fat 0.20–0.60 ppm, blood 0.0031–
0.0019 ppm; heptachlor epoxide—fat 0.10–0.24 ppm, blood
0.0008–0.0011 ppm (Hayes, 1966; Durham, 1969). In addi-
tion to these pesticides demonstrated in the blood of the gen-
eral U.S. population, trace levels of chlordane, toxaphene,
endrin, aldrin, pentachlorophenol, and 2,4-D have been found
in tissues of humans with unusual occupational or accidental
exposure.
Most of the other types of pesticides widely used,
the organophosphorus esters, carbamates, phenoxy- and
benzoic-acids, triazines, ureas are less persistent in the
environment than the organochlorine compounds and are
rapidly metabolized by enzymes in the human liver and con-
verted to predominantly water-soluble products eliminated
in the urine. Therefore there is little evidence of fat storage
of these compounds. Monitoring of the urinary content of
water-soluble metabolities is a very sensitive measure of
intake of such pesticides and has been studied for parathion,
malathion and related organophorus esters, the carbamates
carbaryl and propoxur, dinitro- o -cresol, lead, arsenic, and
mercury (Hayes, 1966).Acute Toxicity in HumansThe substitution of the more hazardous organophosphate and
carbamate insecticides for the organochlorines has greatly
increased the incidence of acute human poisoning. WHO has
estimated that worldwide there are as many as 500,000 acci-
dental poisonings annually with 20,000 deaths (Copplestone,
1977). In the United States, EPA estimates suggest that there
are 45,000 accidental poisonings with 3000 hospitalizations
and 200 deaths annually (Pimentel and Levitan, 1986).GLOSSARYalachlor, 2-chloro-2,6-diethyl- N (methoxymethyl) acetanilide
aldicarb, 2-methyl-2-methylthiopropionaldoxime 0 - N methylcarbamate
aldrin, 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexachloro-1,4 -endo,exo-
5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
amiben, 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid
atrazine, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino- s - trianzine
azinphos, methyl, 0,0 -dimethyl S-[4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazine-3(4H)-ylemthyl]
phosphorodithioate
bendiocarb, 2,3-(isopropylidenedioxy)- phenyl N -methylcarbamate
BHC, mixture of stereoisomeric 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-cyclohexane
butylate, S -ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate
captan, N -trichloromethylmercapto-4-cyclohexane 1,2-dicarboximide car-
baryl, 1-naphthyl N- methylcarbamate
carbofuran, 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofuranyl N -methylcarbamate
carbophenothion, S - [ p -chlorophenyl] thiomethyl] 0,0 ’-diethyl phosphoro-
dithioate
CDAA, 2-chloro- N,N -diallyl acetamide
CDED, 2-chloroallyl- N,N -diethyldithiocarbamate
chlorbenzilate, ethyl 4,4-dichlorobenzilate
chlordane, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octochloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexa-hydro-4,7-metha-
noindenechlordimeform, N -(4-chloro-2-methyl)- N,N- dimethylmethanimidamide
chlorpyrifos 0,0 -diethyl 0 -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridylphosphorothionate
chlorsulfuron, 2-chloro- N -[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-ami-
nocarbonyl]-benzenesulfonamide
Ciodrin, -methylbenzyl-3-hydroxy- cis -crotonate dimethylphosphate cou-
maphos, 0,0 -diethyl 0 -(3-chloro 4-methyl-7-coumarinyl)
Phosphorothionate
cryolite, sodium fluoaluminate
cypermethrin, cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-
2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate
cyanazine, 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)- s triazine-2-y]-amino]-2-methyl-
propionitrile
dalapon, 2,2-dichloropropionic acid
2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
DDA, 4,4- dichlorodiphenylacetic acid
DDD, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis- ( p -chlorophenyl)-ethane
DDE, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis- ( p -chlorophenyl) ethylene
DDT, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis- ( p -chlorophenyl) ethane
deltamethrin, cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl-3-(2,2-dichloroeth-enyl)-
2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate
demeton, 40:60 mixture of 0,0 -diethyl S -(2-ethylthio—ethyl phophorothio-
late with 0,0 -diethyl 0 -(2-ethylthio)ethyl phosphorothionate
diazionon, 0,0 -diethyl- 0 -(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phospho-
rothionate
dibromochloropropane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
dicamba, 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid
dichloran, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline
dichlorvos, 2,2-dichlorvinyl dimethylphosphate
dicofol, 4,4-dichloro--(trichloromethyl) benzhydrol
dieldrin, 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro- exo -6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a- octahydro-
1,4- endo, exo -5,8-dimethanonaphtha-lene
Dilan, mixture of one part 1,1-bis( p -chlorophenyl)-2-nitro-propane and two
parts 1,1-bis( p -chlorophenyl)- 2-nitrobutane
dimethoate, 0,0 -dimethyl S -( N -methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate
dinitro- o -cresol (DNOC), 4,6-dinotro- o -cresol
diquat, 1,1-ethylene-2,2-dipyridylium dibromide
disulfoton, 0,0 -diethyl S -2(ethylthio)ethyl phosphorodithioate
diuron (DCMU) , N- 3,4-dichlorophenyl- N , N - dimethyl urea
endosulfan, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-
2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide
Endothall, 7-oxabicyclo (2,2,1)heptane-2,3-discarboxylic acid
endrin, 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro- exo -6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a- octahydro-
1,4,5,8- endo, endo -dimethanonaphthalene
EPTC, S - ethyl, N,N - dipropylthiocarbamate
fenitrothion, 0,0 -dimethyl 0 -(4-nitro -m -tolyl) phosphorothionate
fenthion, 0,0 -dimethyl 0 [4-(methylthio)- m -tolyl] phosphorothionate
ferbam, ferric dimethyl dithiocarbamate
fenvalerate, cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl-methyl-4-chloro- a (1-methylethyl)-
benzeneacetate
flucythrinate, cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl-4difluoromethoxy)- a -(1-
methylethyl)-benzeneacetate
heptachlor, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,5,5a-tetrahydro-4,7- endo -
methanoindene
heptachlor expoxide, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,5,5a-tetrahydro-2,3-
epoxy-4,7-e ndo - methanoindene
lindane, gamma -isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane
linuron, 3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea
malathion, 0,0 -dimethyl S -(1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl) phosphorodithioate
maneb, manganese ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate)
MCPA, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid
methomyl, S-methyl- N -[(methylcarbamoyl)-oxy]- thioacetimidate
methoxychlor, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p -methoxyphenyl) ethane
methyl parathion, 0,0 - dimethyl 0-p- notrophenyl phosphorothionate
mevinphos, 2-methoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl-phosphate
mirex, dodecachlorooctahydro-1,2,3-metheno-2H-cyclo-buta (cd) pentalene
monuron, 3- ( p -chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea
naled, 1,2-dibromo- 2,2 -dichloroethyl dimethylphosphate
nicotine, 1–1-methyl-2-(3a-pyridyl)-pyrrolidine
Panogen, methylmercury dicyandiamide
Paraquat, 1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridynium ionC016_004_r03.indd 969C016_004_r03.indd 969 11/18/2005 11:00:08 AM11/18/2005 11:00:08 AM