four hydrogen atoms have become attached:
Chemis ts have dis covered that it is poss ible to detach one or all of the hydrogen atoms and
s ubs titute other eleme nts. For example, by s ubs tituting one atom of chlorine for one of
hydrogen we produce methyl chloride :
Take away three hydrogen atoms and s ubs titute chlorine and we have the anes thetic
chlorof orm:
Subs titute chlorine atoms for all of the hydrogen atoms and the res ult is carbon tetrachloride,
the familiar cleaning fluid:
In the s imples t pos s ible terms , thes e changes rung upon the bas ic molecule of methane
illustrate what a chlorinated hydrocarbon is. But this illustration gives little hint of the true
complexity of the che mical world of the hydrocarbons , or of the manipulations by which the
organic chemist creates his infinitely varied materials. For instead of the simple methane
molecule with its single carbon atom, he may work with hydrocarbon molecules cons is ting of
many carbon atoms , arranged in rings or chains , with s ide chains or branches , holding to
the ms elves with chemical bonds not merely s imple atoms of hydrogen or chlorine but als o a
wide variety of chemical groups. By seemingly slight changes the whole character of the
s ubs tance is changed; for example, not only what is attached but the place of attachment to