70 Science & technology The Economist July 17th 2021
generate plenty of false negatives, in which
the guilty are incorrectly cleared.
Money and national pride complicate
things further. Though wadaoversees the
antidoping system for many sports, it re
lies on national authorities to do most of
the legwork. “Many countries have really
improved their approach to antidoping
over the past few years,” says Dr Catlin.
“But not everyone has the resources to do
that.” In 2013 Renee Anne Shirley, a former
boss of the Jamaica AntiDoping Commis
sion, said a lack of resources meant her or
ganisation had conducted only a single
outofcompetition test in the months be
fore the 2012 London Olympics, at which
Jamaican athletes won a dozen medals.
wadaitself is not exactly flush with cash.
Its budget for 2021 is $40m—less than
some individual athletes earn in a year.
Lack of will is also a problem. Sport
brings national glory, which can make
questioning success risky. After her admis
sion, Ms Shirley was branded a “traitor”.
Statesponsored doping programmes in
East Germany, China and Russia were all
aimed at winning political prestige. Sport
brings in a great deal of cash, too. warc, an
advertising firm, reckons the worldwide
sportssponsorship market was worth
$48bn in 2020. All that money makes it
possible to buy off officials. Last year La
mine Diack, Lord Coe’s predecessor as the
head of World Athletics (then known as the
International Association of Athletics Fed
erations) was given a fouryear prison sen
tence for taking bribes to hush up positive
doping tests, as were five other officials.
(Mr Diack is appealing.)
Ultimately, countries and companies
pay both for toplevel sport and for the an
tidoping system which polices it. This
means that, even when they are not active
ly working to subvert the system, as Russia
or Mr Diack did, they do not always have
strong incentives to ask hard questions. Mr
Salazar had been a divisive figure in athlet
ics long before Nike eventually closed the
Oregon Project. wadaitself gets half of its
money from governments and half from
sporting bodies, raising questions about
how truly independent it can ever be.
That is a view shared by America’s gov
ernment. Fed up with what it sees as a limp
response to the Russian scandal, in De
cember it passed a law known as the Rod
chenkov Act. This tries to assert American
criminal jurisdiction over any sports event
involving American athletes or compa
nies, anywhere in the world. It gives Amer
ican prosecutors the ability to impose ten
year prison sentences and $1m fines on
those found to have aided doping (though
it does not apply to individual athletes).
Travis Tygart, head of the United States
AntiDoping Agency, described the Rod
chenkov Act as a “gamechanger”. That is
hard to argue with. It will drive a coach and
horses through existing arrangements.
wadaworries the act’s extraterritorial am
bitions mean two sets of rules could apply
to doping cases, and that confusion and re
sistance from other countries might “shat
ter” the international antidoping system.
(It also notes, pointedly, that the act’s pen
alties do not apply to parochial American
sports such as baseball, which have had
their own share of doping scandals.) The
Tokyo games are one of the first big inter
national competitions to be held with the
act in force. Lord Coe may or may not be
right to say, in the wake of the Russian
scandal, that getting away withdopingwill
be harder than ever. But the fightagainst it
has rarely been so badtempered.n
P
latformshoesarebackinfashion,
at least in athletics. Many of the long
distance runners at the Tokyo Olympics,
which begin on July 23rd, will arrive at
the starting line sporting footwear with a
distinctive chunkylooking heel. It will
be more than just a fashion statement.
The new shoes offer such a big perfor
mance advantage that critics have de
scribed them as “technological doping”.
Runningshoe makers have long tried
to boost athletic performance, observes
Geoff Burns, a biomechanics expert at
the University of Michigan. In olden
days, a 1% improvement in “running
economy”—the energy taken to travel a
given distance—would have impressed.
But in 2016 Nike released the first version
of its “Vaporfly” model, which improved
running economy by 4%.
If that percentage were to translate
directly into performance, it would
knock about five minutes off an elite
male’s marathon time. In practice, as Dr
Burns observes, it wouldn’t quite do that.
A marathon improvement of around 90
seconds would be a more realistic expec
tation. But Vaporfly and its successors
have helped athletes smash a string of
records. On June 6th Sifan Hassan, a
Dutch runner, completed a women’s
10,000 metres race in 29 minutes and
6.82 seconds, beating a record set in 2016.
Two days later she was overtaken by
Letesenbet Gidey, an Ethiopian, who
clocked 29 minutes and 1.03 seconds. In
2019 Eliod Kipchoge, a Kenyan, became
the first to run, albeit in an unofficial
event, a marathon’s distance of 42.195km
inundertwohours.Thesameweekend
Brigid Kosgei, another Kenyan, broke a
women’s marathon record that had stood
for 16 years.
Scientists are still puzzling over
exactly how the shoes work. The soles
are made of a new type of foam that
offers an unprecedented mix of resil
ience and squidginess, according to Dr
Burns. This returns around 80% of the
energy from each strike of a runner’s
foot. The carbonfibre plate may help by
stiffening the midsole, and possibly by
altering a runner’s gait. By cushioning a
runner’s bones, muscles and ligaments
from repetitive impacts, the shoes may
even help athletes train harder than they
otherwise could.
All that is great news for Nike, which
sells the Vaporfly and its successors for
around $250 each. (Rival manufacturers
now offer similar shoes of their own.)
Whether it is good for the sport is anoth
er question. Different sports have differ
ent tolerances for technological assis
tance. Running tends towards the con
servative end of the spectrum.
In January 2020 World Athletics, the
governing body of international athlet
ics, passed new rules limiting the thick
ness of a road shoe’s sole to 40mm.
Meanwhile, Nike appears to have shelved
plans to deploy high tech shoes designed
for sprinters at the Tokyo games, pos
sibly because they did not comply wi
th regulations either. But if they, or a
rival manufacturer, have worked out a
way around that problem, there could be
fireworks in the sprints, too.
Sportsequipment
Getting a leg up
New running shoes could help smash a string of Olympic records