Figure 6.4.The central dogma: DNA is transcribed to RNA in the cell nucleus. RNA is translated to
protein in the cell cytoplasm. See color insert.
Figure 6.5.The structure of the promoter in relation to the gene and termination sequence. The tran-
scription start site is designated by 1þ, and DNA sequences that are downstream or toward the 3^0 end
of the DNA strand are described by a negative number. In contrast, nucleotide sequences upstream
(toward the 5^0 end of the DNA strand) are described with a positive number.
6.3. TRANSCRIPTION 141