CONTENTS
List of Maps IX
Names and Dates XI
Introduction Xlll
The Middle World
2 The Hijra 17
3 Birth of the Khalifate 33
4 Schism 53
5 Empire of the Umayyads^67
6 The Abassid Age 79
7 Scholars, Philosophers, and Sufis 91
8 Enter the Turks 117
9 Havoc 133
10 Rebirth 159
11 Meanwhile in Europe 199
12 West Comes East 217
13 The Reform Movements 247
14 Industry, Constitutions, and Nationalism 269
15 Rise of the Secular Modernists^301vii