Encyclopedia of African Religion

entirely reflective of what are complex and fluid rit-
ual practices present throughout the African World.

Tiffany D.Pogue

See alsoOffering; Rituals

Further Readings

Ani, M. (2004).Let the Circle Be Unbroken:The
Implications of African Spirituality in the Diaspora.
New York: Nkonimfo Publications.
Deren, M. (2004).Divine Horsemen:The Living Gods
of Haiti. New York: McPherson & Company.
Harris, J. B. (2001). Same Boat, Different Stops: An
African Atlantic Culinary Journey. In S. Walker (Ed.),
African Roots/American Cultures:Africa in the

Creation of the Americas(pp. 169–182). New York:

Rowman & Littlefield.

Hurston, Z. N. (1996).Mules and Men. New York:

HarperPerennial.

Vega, M. M. (2001).The Altar of My Soul:The Living

Traditions of Santeria. New York: Ballantine.

FULA (FULBE)

The Fula (Fulbe) are a large ethnic and linguistic

group found throughout West Africa, but princi-

pally in the Sahel from Sudan to Senegal. They are

often referred to by different names according to

other proximate ethnic and linguistic groups.

For example, in Senegal, the Wolof speakers often

Fula (Fulbe) 275

Table 1 Popular Deities and Associated Foods

Spiritual Tradition Food

Akan
Nana Asuo Botopre Raw Rice, Sugar Cubes, Fanta Orange Soda, Fried Fish, Fried Plantain, White Yams,
Fowl, Bananas
Nana Kumi Guinea Fowl, Schnapps, Tiger Nuts, White Yams, Turkey
Nana Densua Yao Duck, Rice, Liquor, Fruit
Nana Adade Kofi Raw Rice, Gin, Palm Wine
Candy, Cookies, Cake, Honey, Fanta Orange Soda, Fruity Wine, Nana Esi Ketewaa
Sugar Cane, Yams, Eggs
Nana Tegare Kola Nuts, Beer, Schnapps, Rum, Tiger Nuts
Nana Asuo Gyebi Peanuts, Green Bananas, White Rice, Grits, Corned Beef

Yoruba

Ogun Peppers, Onions Garlic, Red Palm Oil, Beans, Dog
Obatala Igbin (Snails), Coconuts, Milk, Honey, Shea Butter, Rice, Bread, Cookies
Sango Red Apples, Red Palm Oil, Peppers, Bitter Kola Nut, Spicy Foods, Ram
Yemonja Grapes, Melons (especially watermelon), Squash, Candy, Cakes, Palm Oil, Kola
Nuts, Sheep, Guinea Fowl, Hens, Pigeons, Fish, Palm Wine, Grits
Oya Eggplant, Rum, Beer, Wine, Plums, Red or Purple Grapes, Hen, Female Goat
Oshun Honey, Wine, Beer, Rum, Gin, Hens, Guinea Fowl, Quail, Goats, Candies, Cakes,
Kola Nuts, Red Palm Oil, Coconuts, Corn
Esu Chili Peppers, Peppercorns, Jalepenos, Rum, Gin, Beer, Pigeon, Rooster, Male Goat

Vodun

Legba Rooster, Dog
Gede Chickens, Goats
Zaka Yams, Goats, Chicken
Erzulie French Wine, Candies, Cookies, Cake
Agwe Ram, Imported Wine and Champagne, Rice and Beans, Cornmeal, Chicken