century. Simultaneous with stringent efforts to
preserve traditional Hindu teachings intact and in
toto is the more dominant American practice of
eclecticism, which combines elements of any (or
all) religions into idiosyncratic fusions designed
to serve the individual.
See also DIASPORA; UNITED KINGDOM.
Further reading: Hannah Adams, A View of Religion
(Boston: Manning & Loring, 1801); S. E. Ahlstrom, A
Religious History of the American People (New Haven,
Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972); Mrs. Gross Alex-
ander, “American Women Going after Heathen Gods,”
Methodist Quarterly Review 62 no. 3 (July 1912): 495–
512; Leona B. Bagai, The East Indians and the Pakistanis
in America (Minneapolis: Lerner, 1967); J. H. Barrows,
The World’s Parliament of Religions: An Illustrated and
Popular Story of the World’s First Parliament of Religions
Held in Chicago in Connection with the Columbian Exposi-
tion of 1893, 2 vols. (Chicago: Parliament, 1893); Theos
Bernard, Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1944); S. C.
Bose, The Life of Protap Chunder Mozoomdar. Vol. 2 (Cal-
cutta: Nababidhan Trust, 1927); Charles S. Braden, ed.,
These Also Believe: A Study of Modern American Cults and
Minority Religious Movements (New York: Macmillan,
1951); Charles S. Braden, ed., Varieties of American Reli-
gion (Chicago: Willett, Clark, 1936); A. F. Buchanan,
“The West and the Hindu Invasion,” Overland Monthly
51, 4 (April 1908): 308–312; B. F. Campbell, Ancient
Wisdom Revived: A History of the Theosophical Movement
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980); Arthur
Christy, The Asian Legacy and American Life (New York:
Greenwood Press, 1968); ———, The Orient in Ameri-
can Transcendentalism: A Study of Emerson, Thoreau, and
Alcott (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932); R.
K. Das, Hindustani Workers on the Pacific Coast (Berlin:
Walter de Gruyter, 1923); Robert S. Ellwood Jr., Alter-
native Altars: Unconventional and Eastern Spirituality in
America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979);
W. Estep, An American Answers Mother India (Excelsior
Springs, Mo.: Super Mind Science Pubs., 1929); S. Gott-
schalk, The Emergence of Christian Science in American
Religious Life (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1973); J. W. Hanson, ed., The World’s Congress of Reli-
gions (Chicago: The Monarch Book, 1894); Hinduism
Comes to America: A Brief Account of the Purpose, Ori-
gin, and Spiritual Significance of the Vedanta Movement
in America (Chicago: Vedanta Society, 1933); Carl T.
Jackson, The Oriental Religions and American Thought:
Nineteenth Century Explorations (Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press, 1981); Spencer Lavan, Unitarians and
India (Boston: Skinner House, 1977); T. Jackson Lears,
No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transforma-
tion of American Culture 1880–1920 (New York: Pan-
theon Books, 1981); Gurinder Singh Mann, Paul David
Numrich, and Raymond Williams, Buddhists, Hindus,
and Sikhs in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2001); Katherine Mayo, Mother India (New York: Blue
Ribbon Books, 1927); J. Gordon Melton, A Bibliography
of Hinduism in America Prior to 1940 (Evanston, Ill.:
Institute for the Study of American Religion, 1985); P.
C. Mozoomdar, The Faith and Progress of the Brahmo
Samaj (Calcutta: Calcutta Central Press, 1882); F. Max
Muller, India: What Can It Teach Us? (London: Long-
mans, Green, 1883, 1919); Jacob Needleman, The New
Religions (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970); Joseph
Priestly, Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit, 1777
(New York: Garland Pub., 1976); ———, Letters to a
Philosophical Unbeliever, 2d ed. (Birmingham, England:
J. Johnson, London, 1787); ———, A Comparison
of the Institutions of Moses with Those of the Hindoos
and Other Ancient Nations (Northumberland, Penn.:
Printed for the author by A. Kennedy, 1799); H. G.
Rawlinson, Intercourse between India and the Western
World (Cambridge: University Press, 1916); H. G. Raw-
linson, Intercourse between India and the Western World
(Cambridge: University Press, 1916); J. P. R. Rayapati,
Early American Interest in Vedanta (New York: Asia Pub-
lishing House, 1973); E. A. Reed, Hinduism in Europe
and America (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1914);
———, Hinduism Invades America (New York: G. P.
Putnam’s Sons, 1914); Dale Riepe, The Philosophy of
India and Its Impact on American Thought (Springfield,
Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1970); Romain Rolland, The
Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (Almora:
advaita Ashrama, 1931); Cybelle Shattuck, Dharma in
the Golden State: South Asian Traditions in CaliforniaK 470 United States