chapter 33
...................................................................................................................................................HUMAN RIGHTS
...................................................................................................................................................jack donnelly
Human rights are, literally, the rights we have simply because we are
human. They are equal rights: One either is or is not a human being,
and thus has exactly the same human rights as every other human being.
They are inalienable rights: One cannot stop being a human being, and
therefore cannot lose one’s human rights, no matter how horribly one
behaves nor how barbarously one is treated. Human rights are also
universal rights, held by every human being, everywhere. This chapter
oVers a conceptual analysis of human rights, a brief account of their
historical evolution, and an introduction to some leading theoretical
controversies.
1 The Practice of Human Rights
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Human rights are a complex and contested social practice that organizes
relations between individuals, society, and the state around a distinctive set of
substantive values implemented through equal and inalienable universal