Physical Chemistry Third Edition

19.6 Atoms with More Than Two Electrons 815

1 1

2 3 4 5 6 7

Period,

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

19

11 12

3 4

Mg

Dy

66 67

Er

68 69

Yb

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

Hg

80 81 82 83 84 85 86

LuHf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Tl PbBiPo At Rn

Sc

YZrNbMoTcRuRhPd

21

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Ag Cd lnSn Sb Te I Xe

Ti

22

V

23

Cr

24 25 26 27

Ni Cu

2829 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

2

He

5

13 14 15 16 17 18

Al Si P S Cl Ar

6

NO

78 9

Ne

10

B C F

MnFe Co

Nd Ho Tm

60

Pr

59

Ce

58

La

57

Cs

55

Fr Ra Ac Th

87 88 89 90 91 92 98 99 100

Md No Lr Rf

101102103104105106107108109

U CfEsFm DbSgBh Hs Mt

Metals of extremely similar chemical properties Metals of similar yet distinctive

chemical properties

Metals and nonmetals with a great variety of chemical properties

INNER TRANSITION METALS

REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

TRANSITION METALS

Pa

Ba

56

Sr

38

Rb

37

Ca

20

K

Na

Li Be

H

61 636465

Pm SmEuGd Tb

9394959697

NpPuAmCmBk

62

Figure 19.6 A Periodic Table of the Elements with All Elements in the Order of Increasing Atomic Number.

of elements 104–109 that have been accepted by the International Union of Pure and

Applied Chemistry are

Atomic Number Symbol Name

104 Rf Rutherfordium

105 Db Dubnium

106 Sg Seaborgium

107 Bh Bohrium

108 Hs Hassium

109 Mt Meitnerium

A number of elements beyond element 109 are predicted to lie in an “island of

nuclear stability” around elements 112–118. Two atoms of element 112 were recently

produced. It had been predicted that element 112 might not have metallic properties

and would not belong in column 12 (IIB). However, the researchers found that its

chemical properties are similar to those of mercury, since the atoms seemed to form

metallic bonds with a gold surface.^30 Small quantities of elements 113 (Uut) and 115

(Uup) have been produced in nuclear reactions between^247 Am and^48 Ca, apparently

forming^288 Uup and three neutrons. The^288 Uup then decayed to form^284 Uut and an

alpha particle.^31

Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley laboratory claimed to have produced several

atoms of element 118. However, the claims were withdrawn after charges were made

(^30) R. Eichler,et al.,Nature, 447 , 72 (2007).
(^31) Yu. Ts. Oganessian,et al., phys. Rev. C., 72 , 34611 (2005).