Braiding Sweetgrass

at Oregon State University offered Franz technical assistance,
prescribing herbicides to quell the brush and replanting with
genetically improved Douglas fir. If you can ensure plenty of light by
eliminating understory competition, Douglas fir makes timber faster
than anything else around. But Franz didn’t want timber. He wanted
a forest.
“My love of this country motivated me to purchase land at
Shotpouch,” he wrote. “I wanted to do right here, even if I had little
idea of what ‘right’ meant. To love a place is not enough. We must
find ways to heal it.” If he used the herbicides, the only tree that
could tolerate the chemical rain was Douglas Fir, and he wanted all
the species to be present. He vowed to clear the brush by hand.
Replanting an industrial forest is backbreaking labor. Crews of
tree planters come in, progressing sideways on steep slopes with
bulging sacks of seedlings. Walk six feet, dibble in a seedling, tamp
it down. Walk six feet, repeat. One species. One pattern. But at
that time there was no prescription for how to plant a natural forest,
so Franz turned to the only teacher he had, the forest itself.
Observing the locations of species in the few existing old-growth
plots, he tried to replicate their patterns on his own land. Douglas fir
went on sunny open slopes, hemlock on the shady aspects, and
cedar on the dimly lit, wet ground. Rather than getting rid of the
young stands of alder and big-leaf maple as the authorities
recommended, he let them stay to do their work of rebuilding soil
and planted the shade-tolerant species beneath their canopy. Every
tree was marked and mapped and tended. He hand-cleared the
brush that threatened to swallow them up, until back surgery
eventually forced him to hire a good crew.
Over time, Franz became a very good ecologist, reading his way
through both the printed library and the more subtle library of texts