Notes 279and ar-Razi’s commentary is from his massive work at-Tafsir al-Kabir. (For Muham-
mad’s consultation with Umm Salamah at Hudaybiyya, see al-Tabari, p. 1550.) The
origin of and problems with the hadith are dealt with well in Ignaz Goldziher, Intro-
duction to Islamic Theology and Law (1981). Goldziher also outlines the remarkable
contribution of female textual scholars in his brief article “Women in the Hadith
Literature,” in Muslim Studies (1977).
Lord Cromer’s quote is from Leila Ahmed (1992), pp. 152–53. Ali Shariati’s
quote is from Fatima Is Fatima (1971), p. 136. Shirin Ebadi’s quote is from the pre-
sentation speech by Professor Ole Danbolt Mjos, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel
Committee, and is available at http://www.payvand.com/news/03/dec/1065.html.
There are a number of excellent studies on the role of women in contemporary
Muslim society. I recommend Faith and Freedom, edited by Mahnaz Af khami (1995);
Islam, Gender, and Social Change, edited by Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L.
Esposito (1998); In the Eye of the Storm: Women in Post-Revolutionary Iran, edited by
Mahnaz Af khami and Erika Friedl (1994); and Haideh Moghissi’s Feminism and
Islamic Fundamentalism (1999). See also my critique of Moghissi’s text in Iranian
Studies (2002).
- Fight in the Way of God
The description of the battle of Uhud that begins this chapter is drawn from the
account in al-Tabari, pp. 1384–1427. Samuel Huntington’s quote is from his article
“The Clash of Civilizations?” in Foreign Affairs (Summer 1993), pp. 35. Bernard
Lewis’s quote can be found in Hilmi M. Zawati, Is Jihad a Just War? (2001), on p. 2;
Zawati outlines the use of jihad as defensive war in pages 15–17, 41– 45, and 107.
Weber’s quote is from Bryan S. Turner, Weber and Islam: A Critical Study (1974), p. - The quote about the scimitar-brandishing Arab warrior is from Rudolph Peters,
Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (1979), p. 4.
For more on the use, function, and development of the doctrine of jihad, see
Rudolph Peters’s other work, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam (1996); also Jihad
and Shahadat, edited by Mehdi Abedi and Gary Legenhausen (1986), especially the
definitions on pages 2 and 3; and Mustansir Mir’s insightful article “Jihad in Islam,”
in The Jihad and Its Times, edited by Hadia Dajani-Shakeel and Ronald A. Messier
(1991). Hadith forbidding the killing of women and children can be found in Sahih
al-Hajjaj, nos. 4319 and 4320. For more on Vaisnava and Saiva traditions and the
kingdoms they inspired, see Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism (1996).
The role of the Crusades in shaping Muslim ideas of jihad is discussed in Hadia
Dajani-Shakeel’s article “Perceptions of the Counter Crusade,” in The Jihad and Its
Times, pp. 41–70. Mustansir Mir’s quote is on page 114. Those interested in the
comparative ethics of war, as well as the doctrine of jihad as a just war theory, should
see Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (1977) and John Kelsay, Islam and War
(1993), especially pp. 57–76. Dr. Azzam’s quote is from Peter L. Bergen, Holy War,
Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden (2001), p. 53. For Moulavi Chiragh
Ali’s views on jihad, see A Critical Exposition of the Popular Jihad (1976); Mahmud
Shaltut’s views are discussed in Kate Zabiri, Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism
(1993).
For more on Muhammad’s enemies among the Hanif of Medina, see Uri
Rubin, “Hanafiyya and Ka‘ba,” in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (1990). In-
cidentally, Moshe Gil is almost alone in his conviction that the Constitution of
Medina did not originally include the Jews; see “The Constitution of Medina:
A Reconsideration,” in Israel Oriental Studies (1974), pp. 64–65. Otherwise, there is