Notes 287Islam and Modernism in Egypt (1933). For Muhammad Abdu, see Osman Amin,
Muhammad ‘Abduh (1953), and Malcolm H. Kerr, Islamic Reform: The Political and
Legal Theories of Muhammad ‘Abduh and Rashid Rida (1966). For Hasan al-Banna I
suggest his Memoirs of Hasan al-Banna Shaheed (1981) as well as Richard P. Mitchell,
Society of the Muslim Brothers (1969) and Pioneers of Islamic Revival, edited by Ali Rah-
nema (1995).
Good texts on Pan-Arabism include Sylvia G. Haim’s collection, Arab National-
ism (1962); Nissim Rejwan, Arabs Face the Modern World (1998); Abd al-Rahman al-
Bazzaz, Islam and Nationalism (1952); Michael Doran, Pan-Arabism Before Nasser
(1999); and Taha Husayn, The Future of Culture in Egypt (1954).
For Sayyid Qutb see his masterpiece, Milestones (1993), and his Social Justice in
Islam, translated by William Shepard as Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism (1996). See
also Jalal-e Ahmad, Gharbzadeghi (1997).
Saudi Arabia’s history is recounted in Madawi al-Rasheed, A History of Saudi
Arabia (2003). For Wahhabism I suggest Hamid Algar’s short introduction Wah-
habism: A Critical Essay (2002). It should be noted that Wahhabis prefer to call them-
selves ahl al-tawhid, or al-Muwahhidun.
There are few better general introductions to the history of political Islam than
Gilles Kepel’s Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (2002) and The War for Muslim Minds
(2004). See also Anthony Shadid, The Legacy of the Prophet (2002). Osama bin Laden’s
quote is from an interview he gave to ABC reporter John Miller in May 1998.
- Slouching Toward Medina
There were two draft constitutions after the revolution in 1979. The first draft,
which did not give the clerics an important role in the government, was, ironically,
rejected by Iran’s leftist parties. The second draft, completed in November by a
seventy-three-member Assembly of Experts, revamped the original documents to
establish clerical domination of the state.
The activities of the CDC and the American Type Culture Collection before
and during the Iran-Iraq war have been documented by recently declassified gov-
ernment papers. See “Report: U.S. Supplied the Kinds of Germs Iraq Later Used
for Biological Weapons,” in USA Today, September 30, 2002.
For more on the Taliban see Ahmed Rashid, The Taliban (2000). Harvey Cox’s
The Secular City (1966) is essential reading for all students of religion and politics;
see also Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew (1955).
Abdulaziz Sachedina’s The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism (2001) is an
excellent discussion of Islamic pluralism. While there are few books by Abdolkarim
Soroush in English, a collection of his essential writings has been compiled and
translated by Mahmoud and Ahmad Sadri under the title Reason, Freedom, and
Democracy in Islam: Essential Writings of Abdolkarim Soroush (2002). The quotation is
from his acceptance speech for the “Muslim Democrat of the Year” award given by
the Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy in Washington, D.C., in 2004.