298 Index
Christianity (cont’d ):
movements within, 85; and religious
pluralism in Islam, 262; in Spain, 137;
and Sufism, 199, 205, 210, 215–16; in
Syria, 19; as unbelievers, 103; in U.S.,
262; and women, 71; Yemen as seat of,
10; Zoroastrian influence on, 12. See
also Crusades
citizenship: and religion, 80
clans, 24, 54. See also specific clan
clergy: and Islamic democracy, 265. See also
ayatollahs; specific person
colonialism: in Egypt, 228–40; in India,
220–28, 255; and Islam as warrior reli-
gion, 79; and jihad, 86; and Mod-
ernism, 225–40; and “Muhammad in
Medina,” 52; and partitioning of lands,
255–56; and Sufism, 219; and women,
72–73
commercial fairs, 23, 26, 28, 46, 48
Companions: authority of, 68–69, 70; and
building of cohesive religious system,
110–11; as early followers of Muham-
mad, 42, 67, 105; and expansion of
Islam, 74; as first generation of Mus-
lims, 67; and Jewish influence on
Muhammad, 101; and Muhammad’s
death, 110–11; and Muhammad’s
pilgrimage to Mecca, 105; Quraysh
boycott of, 46–47; and Quraysh-
Muhammad conflict, 45, 76, 105; as
repositories of oral anecdotes, 67;
and revolt against Uthman, 128, 129;
and successors to Muhammad, 107,
112, 114, 116, 118, 122, 123, 125,
127, 128, 129, 130; and Sunna, 163,
164; tombs of, 243; and Yathrib emi-
gration, 48–49, 50–52, 57. See also
specific person
The Conference of the Birds (Attar), 206–8, 212
Conrad, Lawrence, 36
constitution: and Constitution of Medina,
55–56, 57, 59, 82, 89–90, 99; and
debate about Caliphate and Ummah,
138; in Iran, 251–52, 253; Quran as,
257
conversions. See proselytizing
Cooper, Frederick, 220–22
Council at Chalcedon (451 C.E.), 11
Cox, Harvey, 261
Cragg, Kenneth, 35, 157
crime, 59
Cromer, Alfred, Lord, 72–73
Crone, Patricia, 27, 28, 113
Crusades, 79, 80, 85, 263
culture, 17, 126, 167
Cyrus the Great, 12
Damascus, 122, 136, 173, 174, 175, 176–78
dar al-Islam (House of Islam), 85
David, 21, 34, 35, 64, 113, 117
Daya, Nadjm ad-Din Razi, 157
Demirel, Suleyman, 72
democracy: American, 258–59, 261; clergy’s
role in, 265; and human rights, 264; in
Iran, 139, 188; Islamic, 52–53, 258,
260–61, 264–66; and Islamic funda-
mentalism, 261, 264; and Islamic
Reformation, 253–54, 258–59, 260–61;
Medina as archetype for, 52–53, 258;
and morality, 261, 264, 265; and plu-
ralism, 262–63, 264; and religion, 265;
and secularism/secularization, 261–62,
264; and separation of church and
state, 258–59, 262
Deobandi School, 219
dhikr, 216–18, 242
dhimmi, 94, 108, 262, 263. See also Chris-
tianity; Jews/Judaism
dietary laws, 58, 100, 101
Disraeli, Benjamin, 224
divine sanction, 142–43
divorce, 62, 63, 121
dowry, 61–62
dreams: of Muhammad, 75–76, 77; and
Quraysh-Muhammad conflict, 77
Drunken Sufis, 214
Duff, Alexander, 226
East India Company, 222, 223–24, 225, 229
Ebadi, Shirin, 74
Ebtekar, Masoumeh, 72
egalitarianism: and destruction of tribal
ethic, 31–32; and evolution of Islam,
82; in Iran, 251; and Islam as nascent
religion, 59–60; and Islam as revolu-
tionary experiment, 74; and Islamic
Reformation, 264; and Medina ideal,
264; and Modernists, 230, 235, 238;
and successors to Muhammad, 134;
and tribes, 29, 31–32; and women, 66,
71; and Yazid-Ali conflict, 175
Egypt: colonialism in, 228–40; democracy
in, 261; and diversity within Islam,
257; Fatimids in, 137; and Great
Britain, 228–40; and Islamic Reforma-
tion, 257, 261; khedives in, 228–29,
234, 237, 244; legal system in, 170;
Modernists in, 229–40, 245;
Mu‘awiyah in, 135; Nasser in, 237–38,