lifestyle change program could significantly reduce the
risk factors of coronary heart disease.
Resources
BOOKS
Ornish, Dean.Stress, Diet, and Your Heart.New York:
Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983.
Ornish, Dean.Dr. Dean Ornish’s Program for Reversing
Heart Disease: The Only System Scientifically Proven to
Reverse Heart Disease Without Drugs or Surgery.New
York: Random House, 1990.
Ornish, Dean.Love and Survival: The Scientific Basis for the
Healing Power of Intimacy.Thorndike, ME: Thorndike
Press, 1998.
Ornish, Dean.Eat More, Weigh Less: Dr. Dean Ornish’s
Advantage Ten Program for Losing Weight Safely while
Eating Abundantly.New York: Quill, 2001.
Shannon, Joyce Brennfleck ed.Diet and Nutrition Source-
book.Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2006.
Willis, Alicia P. ed.Diet Therapy Research Trends.New
York: Nova Science, 2007.
PERIODICALS
Dansinger, Michael L., et al. ‘‘Comparison of the Atkins,
Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight
Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction.’’The Journal
of the American Medical Association293 (January 5,
2005): 43-53.
Koertge, Jenny. et al. ‘‘Improvement in Medical Risk Fac-
tors and Quality of Life in Women and Men with Cor-
onary Artery Disease in the Multicenter Lifestyle
Demonstration Project.’’The American Journal of
Cardiology(June 1, 2003): 1316-1322.
Ornish, Dean. ‘‘Low-Fat Diets.’’The New England Journal
of Medicine338 (January 8, 1998): 127-129.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Dietetic Association. 120 South Riverside Plaza,
Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. Telephone: (800)
877-1600. Website:http://www.eatright.org.
OTHER
Ornish, Dean. ‘‘Dean Ornish, MD, Lifestyle Program.’’
WebMD.[cited May 5, 2007].http://www.webmd
.com/content/pages/9/3068_9408.htm.
Helen DavidsonDehydration
Definition
Dehydration is a condition in which the body
looses too muchwaterusually as a result of excess
sweating, vomiting, and/or diarrhea.
Description
Dehydration occurs because more fluid is lost
from the body than is taken in. Water is essential for
life. Transporting nutrients throughout the body,
removing wastes, regulating body temperature, lubri-
cation of joints and membranes, and chemical reac-
tions that occur during cellularmetabolismall require
water.
The amount of water a person needs to prevent
dehydration varies widely depending on the individu-
al’s age, weight, level of physical activity, and the
environmental temperature. The individual’s health
and the medications they take may also affect the
amount of water a person needs. Most dehydration
results from an acute, or sudden, loss of fluids. How-
ever, slow-developing chronic dehydration can occur,
most often in the frail elderly and infants and young
children who must rely on others to supply them with
liquids.
Healthy people lose water from urination, elimi-
nation of solid wastes, sweating, and breathing out
water vapor. This water must be replaced through
diet. Water makes up about 75% of the body weight
of infants, 65% of the weight of children and 60% of
the weight of an adult. In 2004, the United States
Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended that rela-
tively inactive adult men take in about 3.7 L (about 15
cups) of fluids daily and that women take in about of
2.7 liters (about 10 cups) to replace lost water. These
recommendations are for total fluid intake from both
beverages and food. Highly active adults and those
living in very warm climates need more fluids.Signs of dehydrationGeneral dehydration- Thirst
- Less frequent urination
- Dry skin
- Fatigue
- Light-headedness
- Dark colored urine
Dehydration in children - Dry mouth and tongue
- No tears when crying
- No wet diapers for 3 hours or more
- Sunken abdomen, eyes, or cheeks
- High fever
- Listlessness or irritability
- Skin that does not flatten when pinched and released
SOURCE: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services
(Illustration by GGS Information Services/Thomson Gale.)Dehydration