Resources
BOOKS
American Dietetic Association.Carbohydrates: What You
Need to Know.Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Associ-
ation, 1998.
Charlesworth, E. A., Nathan, R. G.Stress Management: A
Comprehensive Guide to Wellness.New York, NY:
Ballantine Books, 2004.
Larson Duyff, R.ADA Complete Food and Nutrition Guide,
3rd ed.Chicago, IL: American Dietetic Association, 2006.
Lenehan, P.Anabolic Steroids.Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,
2003.
Schneider A., Friedman, T. (eds).Gene Doping in Sports,
Volume 51: The Science and Ethics of Genetically Modi-
fied Athletes.New York, NY: Academic Press, 2006.
Wolinsky, I., Driskell, J. A., eds.Nutritional Ergogenic Aids.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004.KEY TERMS
Amphetamines—Stimulant drugs whose effects are
very similar to cocaine.
Anabolic—Pertaining to the putting together of com-
plex substances from simples ones, especially to the
building of muscle protein from amino acids.
Anabolic steroid—A group of synthetic hormones
that promote the storage of protein and the growth
of tissue, sometimes used by athletes to increase
muscle size and strength.
ATP—Adenosine triphosphate, a high-energy phos-
phate molecule required to provide energy for cel-
lular function. The energy source of muscles for short
bursts of power.
Blood doping—Practice of illicitly boosting the num-
ber of red blood cells in the circulation in order to
enhance athletic performance.
Calorie—A unit of food energy. In nutrition terms,
the word calorie is used instead of the scientific term
kilocalorie which represents the amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of one liter of water
by one degree centigrade at sea level. In nutrition, a
calorie of food energy refers to a kilocalorie and is
therefore equal to 1000 true calories of energy.
Carbohydrate loading—Increase consumption of
carbohydrates in liquid or food form normally three
days prior to an endurance type event.
Central nervous system (CNS)—The central nervous
system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal
cord. The brain receives sensory information from
the nerves that pass through the spinal cord, as well
as other nerves such as those from sensory organs
involved in sight and smell. Once received, the brain
processes the sensory signals and initiates responses.
Ephedrine—Central nervous system stimulant that
that increases serum levels of norepinephrine. The
herbs ma huang, ephedra sinica and sida cordifoliacontain ephedrine, which structurally is similar to
amphetamines.
Erythropoietin (EPO)—Hormone secreted by the
kidneys which stimulates the bones to make red
blood cells (erythrocytes).
Gene doping—Use of gene transfer technology by
athletes to improve performance.
Glucose—A monosaccharide sugar occurring
widely in most plant and animal tissue. In humans,
it is the main source of energy for the body.
Glycogen—The storage form of glucose found in the
liver and muscles.
Heat exhaustion—A mild form of heat stroke, char-
acterized by faintness, dizziness, and heavy
sweating.
Hormone—A chemical substance produced in the
body that controls and regulates the activity of cer-
tain cells or organs.
Human growth hormone (HGH)—A hormone pro-
duced in the pituitary gland that stimulates growth of
bone and muscle.
Norepinephrine—Hormone released by the sympa-
thetic nervous system onto the heart, blood vessels,
and other organs, and by the adrenal gland into the
bloodstream as part of the fight-or-flight response.
Steroid—Naturally occurring or synthetic fat-soluble
organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms
arranged in four rings and including the sterols and bile
acids, adrenal and sex hormones, certain natural drugs
such as digitalis compounds, and the precursors of cer-
tain vitamins.
Stimulant—An agent, especially a chemical agent
such as caffeine, that temporarily arouses or accel-
erates physiological or organic activity.
Testosterone—A hormone that promotes the develop-
ment and maintenance of male sex characteristics.Ergogenic aids