Notes to pp. 152–64 28916 On National Parks as a ‘social creation’ Benton and Short (1999) observe – in a
manner which is relevant to all Anglo settler societies – that ‘Each unit in the
(national) park system is an expression of our political culture at a particular time in
our history’.
17 There are over 1,000 private land protection organizations in the US.
18 Donor aid delivery is now often conditional on clean-dealing.
19 I enjoyed an association with my former colleague, Derek Hall, during the course of
his doctoral work on the incorporation of an ‘interests’ basis to planning.
20 The ‘regulation of effects’ principle underpins the New Zealand ‘planning’ statute, the
Resource Management Act(1991) which contrived, on its introduction, to avoid use of
the words ‘planning’ and ‘zoning’. What this massive statute (the Nation’s largest) set
out to do – avoid, remedy or mitigate adverse environmental effects – is ineffectual in
many urban, all peri-urban, and most farmland contexts. Overall I rate the ‘control of
effects’ generic underpinning as something of a ‘legalistic rain dance’ – much prolix
and commotion failing to produce the intended outcome, avoidance of adverse envi-
ronmental effects! A few of the detail workings are interesting (for example trapping
silt run-off during subdivision and the control of industrial discharges), others are a
sad joke (there has been no overall improvement in lowland water purity); and there
has been an increase in the rate at which peri-urban landscapes are despoiled with
haphazard subdivision and construction. Some pillory the Act, others fault the plan-
ning system, while some others have grown to appreciate it as a ‘cash cow’. This
earnest yet ‘stagy’ attempt at stewardship, here to stay on account of its pervasiveness,
was and is too elaborate for the New Zealand context during a reformative land use
policy period; and although devised by a left-centre government it snuffled the voice
of the impoverished and marginalized; yet, perversely, has enabled those with fat
pocket books mostly to get their way on legal appeal – albeit with complaints about
costs and delays. My advice to outsiders contemplating the formulaic ‘effects’ medium
as a basis to plan-making and development control? – some of the provisions are inter-
esting, but be advised, don’t go there!
21 For an indictment of sprawl in the United States consult Suburban Nation(2000) by
Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Jeff Speck.
22 Also, of course, the rural estate is the open area playground for a variety of low-density
recreational pursuits: some benign (walking, cycling, horse-riding, golfing), others
chaotic (dirt-tracking, small aircraft flying and parachuting).
23 For England (1992) PPG 12 Development Plans and Regional Planning Guidanceand for
Wales (1992) the PPG 7 Countryside and the Rural Economy.
24 Any impression that such an emphatic compliance policy would exclude the five, ten,
and 20-acre quasi-urban ‘broad-acre’ lifestylers overlooks the fact that vast subdivi-
sions of land have been previously approved and titled for this form of ‘neither town
nor country’ sprawl.
25 For cogent reasons, not least ‘self-interest’, the regional growth management
Commission in Oregon was held to its task by the ‘1,000 Friends Of Oregon’
organization.
26 Described as the ‘prelude to conflict’ in Goldberg’s Coastal Zone Space (1994).
27 Water temperature increases associated with global warming bulks up the global sea-
water volume. Accretions of meltwater from polar cap meltdown also adds slowly to
the oceanic water volume. Both contribute to sea-level rise.
28 Early colonial governments, anxious to boost trade, granted wide powers of author-
ity, mostly still extant, to port and railway enterprises, now of much reduced relevance
to development.