Kant: A Biography

Notes to Pages 288-294 4^7

55. Hamann, Briefwechsel, V, p. 222; see also p. 238 (October 18, 1784), where he says
    that "Kant has until now worked hard for the Berlinische Monatsschriften."


56. Ak 8, pp. 15-31. I shall quote from Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, pp. 41-53.


57. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, pp. 52f.


58. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 41.


59. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 43.


60. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 45.


61. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 46 (but I use the translation from Beck, Po¬
    litical Writings, pp. I7f).


62. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 47.


63. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 53.


64. Norbert Hinske (ed.), Was ist Aufklärung: Beiträge Aus Der Berlinischen Monats¬
    schrift, 4th ed. (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1981), p. 115.
    Hinske's Introduction and postscripts are indispensable for anyone who wants to
    better understand Kant and the context in which he answers the question. See also
    What Is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century Questions,
    ed. James Schmidt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).


65. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 22 (Ak 8, pp. 4 if).


66. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 21 (Ak 8, p. 41).


67. Ibid.


68. The motto comes from Horace, one of Kant's favorite Latin poets.


69. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 18 (Ak 8, p. 36).


70. There was no separation of state and church in Prussia. Much has been written
    about the distinction between private and public use of reason, and Kant has
    often been accused of being a reactionary in this regard. But this is a mistake; see,
    for instance, Hinske, "Introduction," in Was Ist Aufklärung, and John Christian
    Laursen, '"The Subversive Kant: The Vocabulary of 'Public' and 'Publicity,'" Po¬
    litical Theory 14 (1986), pp. 584-603.


71. Kant, Practical Philosophy, p. 20 (Ak 8, p. 39).


72. Ak 10, pp. 393f


73. Hamann, Briefwechsel^, p. 175. In this letter, dated August 6,1784, Hamann tells
    Herder that he has begun reading the Ideas for the second time, but that he had
    been interrupted because he had to show it (mitgetheilt) to all his friends - "Kant
    and Fischer first, and then... Scheffner." He also tells him that their judgment,
    like his own, was not entirely positive. Herder has not written with "the maturity,
    calmness, and humanity, which such a subject requires," but he also tells him that
    only he, Herder, could be expected ultimately to succeed in dealing with this topic.


74. Ak 10, p. 396.


75. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 27.


76. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 36.


77. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 35.


78. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 39.


79. Herder, Sämtliche Werke (Cotta, 1830), III, p. 123; see also Vorländer, Immanuel
    Kant, I, p. 316.


80. Hamann, Briefwechsel, V, p. 347 (February 3, 1785).