Kant: A Biography

488 Notes to Pages 294—302

81. Ak8,p. 74.


82. Ak 10, p. 397.


83. Hamann, Briefwechsel, V, pp. 362f.


84. Hamann, Briefwechsel, V, p. 418.


85. Hamann, Briefwechsel, V, p. 432.. ,. ,


86. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 40.


87. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 41.


88. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 42.


89. Ak 10, p. 421; see also pp. 4o6f., 408.


90. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 43.


91. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 45.


92. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 47.


93. Beck, Historical Writings, p. 51. The second principle Kant defended was also
    one that he had adopted and that had figured centrally in his "What Is Enlight¬
    enment?" It consisted in the claim that the human species needs education just
    as much as the human individual. This principle is, of course, not just Kant's.
    Lessing's "Education of the Human Race," and indeed much of Enlightenment
    pedagogy, depended on it as well.


94. Hamann, Briefwechsel, VI, pp. 2i2f.


95. See also Hamann, Briefwechsel, VI, p. 140.


96. Ak8, p. 100.


97. Herder, Ideas in Sämmtliche Werke, ed. Suphan, XIII, p. 258.


98. Clearly, such a difference cannot justify an institution like slavery for Kant.


99. For a discussion of the views of Herder and Kant as well as their historical back¬
    ground, see Eric Voegelin, The History of the Race Idea: From Ray to Carus, tr.
    Ruth Hein, ed. Klaus Vondung (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press,
    1998).


100. Ak 8, pp. 107-127.


101. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 221.


102. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 222.


103. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, pp. 223f


104. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, pp. 225f.


105. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 227.


106. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 231.


107. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 231.


108. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 233.


109. Herder, Werke, ed. Suphan, XIII, p. 339.
     no. Kant, Political Writings, ed. Reiss, p. 234.
     in. Hamann, Briefwechsel, V, p. 290.


110. Lessing to Nicolai on August 25, 1769; I quote after Epstein, The Genesis of Ger¬
     man Conservatism, p. 350.


111. Hamann, Briefwechsel, V, p. 402.


112. Ak 10, p. 406.


113. Ibid.


114. Kant, Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, tr. James Ellington (Indi¬
     anapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970), p. 8 (Ak 4, p. 471).