CHAPTER IX.
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY
LITERATURE (1700-1800)
AUGUSTAN OR CLASSIC AGE
HISTORY OF THE PERIOD.The Revolution of 1688, which
banished the last of the Stuart kings and called William of Or-
ange to the throne, marks the end of the long struggle for po-
litical freedom in England. Thereafter the Englishman spent
his tremendous energy, which his forbears had largely spent
in fighting for freedom, in endless political discussions and in
efforts to improve his government. In order to bring about re-
forms, votes were now necessary; and to get votes the people
of England must be approached with ideas, facts, arguments,
information. So the newspaper was born,^151 and literature in
its widest sense, including the book, the newspaper, and the
magazine, became the chief instrument of a nation’s progress.
The first half of the eighteenth century is remarkable for
the rapid social development in England. Hitherto men had
been more or less governed by the narrow, isolated standards
of the Middle Ages, and when they differed they fell speed-
ily to blows. Now for the first time they set themselves to the
(^151) The first daily newspaper,The Daily Courant, appeared inLondon in 1702.