CHAPTER II. THE ANGLO-SAXON OR OLD-ENGLISH
PERIOD (450-1050)the only one of our early poets who signed his works, the
name was never plainly written, but woven into the verses in
the form of secret runes,^32 suggesting a modern charade, but
more difficult of interpretation until one has found the key to
the poet’s signature.
WORKS OF CYNEWULF. The only signed poems of
Cynewulf areThe Christ, Juliana, The Fates of the Apostles, and
Elene. Unsigned poems attributed to him or his school areAn-
dreas, thePhoenix, theDream of the Rood, theDescent into Hell,
Guthlac, theWanderer, and some of the Riddles. The last are
simply literary conundrums in which some well-known ob-
ject, like the bow or drinking horn, is described in poetic lan-
guage, and the hearer must guess the name. Some of them,
like "The Swan" and "The Storm Spirit," are unusually beau-
tiful.
Of all these works the most characteristic is undoubtedly
The Christ, a didactic poem in three parts: the first celebrat-
ing the Nativity; the second, the Ascension; and the third,
"Doomsday," telling the torments of the wicked and the un-
ending joy of the redeemed. Cynewulf takes his subject-
matter partly from the Church liturgy, but more largely from
the homilies of Gregory the Great. The whole is well woven
(^32) Runes were primitive letters of the old northern alphabetIn a few passages
Cynewulf uses each rune to represent not only a letterbut a word beginning
with that letter Thus the rune-equivalent of C standsforcene(keen, coura-
geous), Y foryfel(evil, in the sense ofwretched), N fornyd(need), W forivyn
(joy), U forur(our), L forlagu(lake), F forfeoh(fee, wealth) Using the runes
equivalent tothese seven letters, Cynewulf hides and at the same time reveals
his namein certain verses ofThe Christ, for instance:
Then the Courage-hearted quakes, when the King (Lord) he
hears Speak to those who once on earth but obeyed Him weakly,
While as yet theirYearning fainand theirNeed
most easily Comfort might discover
Gone is then theWinsomeness
Of the earth’s adornments! What toUsas men belonged
Of the joys of life was locked, long ago, inLake-flood All theFeeon earthSee
Brooke’sHistory of Early English Literature, pp 377-379, orTheChrist of Cynewulf,
ed by Cook, also by Gollancz.