Estimating in Building Construction

        - chapter

• INTRODUCTION TO ESTIMATING


• 1–1 General Introduction


• 1–2 Types of Estimates
  
  
  • Detailed Estimate
  
  
  • Assembly Estimating
  
  
  • Square-Foot Estimates
  
  
  • Parametric Estimates
  
  
  • Model Estimating
  
  
  • Project Comparison Estimates
  
  
  
  


• 1–3 Estimating Opportunities


• 1–4 The Estimator


• 1–5 Quantity Surveying


• 1–6 Types of Bids


• 1–7 Contract Documents


• 1–8 Bidding Information


• 1–9 Availability of Contract Documents
  
  
  • Information 1–10 Sources of Estimating
  
  
  
  


• Web Resources


• Review Questions
  
  
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• CONTRACTS, BONDS, AND INSURANCE


• 2–1 The Contract System


• 2–2 Types of Agreements
  
  
  • Fixed Price) Lump-Sum Agreement (Stipulated Sum,
    
    
    • Unit-Price Agreement
    
    
    • Cost-Plus-Fee Agreements
    
    
    • 2–3 Agreement Provisions
    
    
    • 2–4 Bonds
      
      
      • Bid Bond
      
      
      • Performance Bond
      
      
      • Labor and Material Bond
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 2–5 Obtaining Bonds
    
    
    • 2–6 Insurance
    
    
    • Web Resources
    
    
    • Review Questions
      
      
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    • PROJECT MANUAL
    
    
    • 3–1 Introduction
      
      
      • Institute 3–2 Construction Specifications
      
      
      • for Bids) 3–3 Invitation to Bid (Advertisement
      
      
      • for Bidders) 3–4 Instruction to Bidders (Information
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 3–5 Bid (Proposal) Forms
      
      
      • Agreement 3–6 Form of Owner/Contractor
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 3–7 General Conditions
      
      
      • Conditions 3–8 Supplementary General
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 3–9 Specifications
    
    
    • 3–10 Alternates
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 3–11 Addenda


• 3–12 Errors in the Specifications


• Web Resources


• Review Questions
  
  
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• THE ESTIMATE


• 4–1 Organization


• 4–2 Planning the Estimate


• 4–3 Notebook


• 4–4 To Bid or Not to Bid


• 4–5 The Estimate


• 4–6 Site Investigation


• 4–7 Specialty Contractors


• 4–8 Materials


• 4–9 Workup Sheets


• 4–10 Summary Sheet


• 4–11 Errors and Omissions


• Web Resources


• Review Questions
  
  
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• COMPUTERS IN ESTIMATING


• 5–1 Overview
  
  
  • Estimating 5–2 Benefits and Dangers of Computerized
  
  
  
  


• 5–3 Spreadsheets
  
  
  • Software 5–4 Specialized Estimating
  
  
  
  


• 5–5 Takeoff Software


• Web Resources


• Review Questions
  
  
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• OVERHEAD AND CONTINGENCIES


• 6–1 Overhead


• 6–2 Home Office Overhead
  
  
  • Direct Overhead) 6–3 Job Overhead (General Conditions,
  
  
  
  


• 6–4 Scheduling


• 6–5 Contingencies
  
  
  • 6–6 Checklist
    
    
    • Undistributed Labor
    
    
    • Facilities Temporary Buildings, Enclosures, and
    
    
    • Temporary Office
    
    
    • Barricades and Signal Lights
    
    
    • Temporary Utilities
    
    
    • Repairs and Protection
    
    
    • Relocating Utilities
    
    
    • Cleaning
    
    
    • Permits
    
    
    • Professional Services
    
    
    • Labor Burdens and Taxes
    
    
    • Bonds and Insurance
    
    
    • Services Miscellaneous Equipment and
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Web Resources
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • LABOR
    
    
    • Productivity 7–1 Labor Hours and
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 7–2 Unions—Wages and Rules
  
  
  • 7–3 Open Shop
  
  
  • 7–4 Labor Burden
  
  
  • 7–5 Pricing Labor
  
  
  • Web Resources
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • EQUIPMENT
  
  
  • 8–1 General
  
  
  • 8–2 Operating Costs
  
  
  • 8–3 Depreciation
  
  
  • 8–4 Interest
  
  
  • 8–5 Ownership Costs
  
  
  • 8–6 Rental Costs
  
  
  • 8–7 Miscellaneous Tools
  
  
  • 8–8 Cost Accounting
  
  
  • 8–9 Mobilization
  
  
  • 8–10 Checklist
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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• EXCAVATION


• 9–1 General


• 9–2 Specifications


• 9–3 Soil


• 9–4 Calculating Excavation


• 9–5 Equipment
  
  
  • Rough Grading 9–6 Earthwork—New Site Grades and
  
  
  • Cross-Section Method
  
  
  • Average End Area
  
  
  
  


• 9–7 Perimeter and Area


• 9–8 Topsoil Removal


• 9–9 General Excavation


• 9–10 Special Excavation


• 9–11 Backfilling


• 9–12 Excess and Borrow
  
  
  • Grade 9–13 Spreading Topsoil, Finish
  
  
  
  


• 9–14 Landscaping


• 9–15 Pumping (Dewatering)


• 9–16 Rock Excavation


• 9–17 Subcontractors


• 9–18 Excavation Checklist


• 9–19 Piles


• 9–20 Pile Checklist


• 9–21 Asphalt Paving


• Web Resources


• Review Questions
  
  
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• CONCRETE


• 10–1 Concrete Work


• 10–2 Estimating Concrete


• 10–3 Reinforcing


• 10–4 Vapor Retarder


• 10–5 Accessories


• 10–6 Concrete Finishing


• 10–7 Curing


• 10–8 Transporting Concrete
  
  
  • 10–9 Forms
  
  
  • 10–10 Form Liners
  
  
  • 10–11 Checklist
  
  
  • 10–12 Precast Concrete
  
  
  • 10–13 Specifications
  
  
  • 10–14 Estimating
  
  
  • 10–15 Precast Tees
  
  
  • 10–16 Precast Slabs
    
    
    • Columns 10–17 Precast Beams and
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 10–18 Miscellaneous Precast
  
  
  • 10–19 Precast Costs
  
  
  • 10–20 Precast Checklist
  
  
  • Web Resources
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • MASONRY
  
  
  • 11–1 General
  
  
  • 11–2 Specifications
  
  
  • 11–3 Labor
  
  
  • 11–4 Bonds (Patterns)
  
  
  • 11–5 Concrete Masonry
    
    
    • Concrete Block
      
      
      • Masonry 11–6 Specifications—Concrete
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 11–7 Estimating—Concrete Masonry
  
  
  • 11–8 Clay Masonry
  
  
  • 11–9 Specifications—Brick
  
  
  • 11–10 Estimating Brick
  
  
  • 11–11 Specifications—Tile
  
  
  • 11–12 Estimating Tile
  
  
  • 11–13 Stone Masonry
  
  
  • 11–14 Specifications—Stone
  
  
  • 11–15 Estimating Stone
  
  
  • 11–16 Mortar
  
  
  • 11–17 Accessories
  
  
  • 11–18 Reinforcing Bars
  
  
  • 11–19 Cleaning
  
  
  • 11–20 Equipment
  
  
  
  


• 11–21 Cold Weather


• 11–22 Subcontractors


• 11–23 Checklist


• Web Resources


• Review Questions
  
  
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• METALS


• 12–1 General


• 12–2 Structural Metal


• 12–3 Structural Metal Framing


• 12–4 Metal Joists


• 12–5 Metal Decking
  
  
  • Metal 12–6 Miscellaneous Structural
  
  
  
  


• 12–7 Metal Erection Subcontractors


• 12–8 Miscellaneous Metals


• 12–9 Metal Checklist


• Web Resources


• Review Questions
  
  
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• WOOD


• 13–1 Frame Construction


• 13–2 Board Measure


• 13–3 Floor Framing


• 13–4 Wall Framing
  
  
  • Exterior Walls
  
  
  • Interior Walls
  
  
  
  


• 13–5 Ceiling Assembly


• 13–6 Roof Assembly


• 13–7 Trim


• 13–8 Labor


• 13–9 Wood Systems


• 13–10 Wood Trusses
  
  
  • Arches 13–11 Laminated Beams and
  
  
  
  


• 13–12 Wood Decking


• 13–13 Plywood Systems


• 13–14 Wood Checklist
  
  
  • Web Resources
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION
  
  
  • 14–1 Waterproofing
  
  
  • 14–2 Membrane Waterproofing
  
  
  • 14–3 Integral Method
  
  
  • 14–4 Metallic Method
  
  
  • 14–5 Dampproofing
  
  
  • 14–6 Painting Method
  
  
  • 14–7 Parging (Plastering)
  
  
  • 14–8 Insulation
  
  
  • 14–9 Roofing
  
  
  • 14–10 Roof Areas
  
  
  • 14–11 Shingles
    
    
    • Asphalt Shingles
    
    
    • Wood Shingles
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 14–12 Built-Up Roofing
    
    
    • Ribbed, V-Beam) 14–13 Corrugated Sheets (Including
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 14–14 Metal Roofing
  
  
  • 14–15 Slate
  
  
  • 14–16 Tile
    
    
    • Formula 14–17 Sheets, Tile, and Shingles
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 14–18 Liquid Roofing
  
  
  • 14–19 Flashing
  
  
  • 14–20 Insulation
  
  
  • 14–21 Roofing Trim
  
  
  • 14–22 Labor
  
  
  • 14–23 Equipment
  
  
  • 14–24 Checklist
  
  
  • Web Resources
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • DOORS AND WINDOWS
    
    
    • Frames 15–1 Window and Curtain Wall
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 15–2 Accessories
  
  
  
  


• 15–3 Doors
  
  
  • (Premachining) Doors 15–4 Prefitting and Machining
  
  
  
  


• 15–5 Prefinishing Doors


• 15–6 Door Frames


• 15–7 Hardware


• 15–8 Accessories
  
  
  • Frames 15–9 Checklist for Doors and
  
  
  
  


• 15–10 Glass


• Review Questions
  
  
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• FINISHES
  
  
  • Construction 16–1 Drywall and Wetwall
    
    
    • Construction 16–2 Supporting
    
    
    • Systems 16–3 Suspended Ceiling
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 16–4 Types of Assemblies


• 16–5 Wallboard Types


• 16–6 Drywall Partitions


• 16–7 Column Fireproofing


• 16–8 Accessories


• 16–9 Wetwall Construction


• 16–10 Plaster


• 16–11 Lath


• 16–12 Accessories
  
  
  • Checklist 16–13 Drywall and Wetwall
  
  
  
  


• 16–14 Flooring
  
  
  • Wood Flooring
  
  
  • Laminate Flooring
  
  
  • Resilient Flooring
  
  
  • Carpeting
  
  
  • Tile
  
  
  
  


• 16–15 Painting
  
  
  • Checklist 16–16 Floors and Painting
  
  
  
  


• Web Resources


• Review Questions
  
  
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  • ELECTRICAL
  
  
  • 17–1 Electrical Work
  
  
  • 17–2 Single Contracts
  
  
  • 17–3 Separate Contracts
  
  
  • 17–4 Coordination Requirements
  
  
  • 17–5 Checklist
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • PLUMBING
  
  
  • 18–1 Plumbing Work
  
  
  • 18–2 Single Contracts
  
  
  • 18–3 Separate Contracts
  
  
  • 18–4 Coordination Requirements
  
  
  • 18–5 Checklist
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • CONDITIONING HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR-
    
    
    • Air-Conditioning) 19–1 HVAC Work (Heating, Ventilating, and
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 19–2 Single Contracts
  
  
  • 19–3 Separate Contracts
  
  
  • 19–4 Coordination Requirements
  
  
  • 19–5 Checklist
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • PROFIT
  
  
  • 20–1 Profit
  
  
  • Review Questions
    
    
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  • OTHER ESTIMATING METHODS
  
  
  • 21–1 Overview
  
  
  • 21–2 Project Comparison Method
  
  
  • 21–3 Square-Foot Estimating
  
  
  • 21–4 Assembly Estimating
  
  
  • Web Resources
  
  
  • Review Questions