Feist−Feist: Theories of
Personality, Seventh
EditionIII. Humanistic/Existential
Theories- Rogers:
Person−Centered Theory
(^336) © The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2009
must have many of the characteristics of the person of tomorrow; that is, they must
be inclined to look within, to be in tune with internal feelings and values, to be in-
tuitive and creative, to be open to experiences, to welcome change, to have a fresh
outlook, and to possess a solid trust in themselves.
Rogers (1968) believed that scientists should be completely involved in the
phenomena being studied. For example, people who conduct research on psy-
chotherapy must first have had long careers as therapists. Scientists must care about
and care for newly born ideas and nurture them lovingly through their fragile in-
fancy.
Science begins when an intuitive scientist starts to perceive patterns among
phenomena. At first, these dimly seen relationships may be too vague to be commu-
nicated to others, but they are nourished by a caring scientist until eventually they
can be formulated into testable hypotheses. These hypotheses, then, are the conse-
quence of an open-minded scientist and not the result of preexisting stereotypical
thought.
At this point, methodology enters the picture. Although the creativity of a sci-
entist may yield innovative methods of research, these procedures themselves must
be rigorously controlled, empirical, and objective. Precise methods prevent the sci-
entist from self-deception and from intentionally or unintentionally manipulating the
observations. But this precision should not be confused with science. It is only the
methodof science that is precise and objective.
The scientist then communicates findings from that method to others, but
the communication itself is subjective. The people receiving the communication
bring their own degrees of open-mindedness or defensiveness into this process. They
have varying levels of readiness to receive the findings, depending on the prevail-
ing climate of scientific thought and the personal subjective experiences of each
individual.
The Chicago Studies
Consistent with his philosophy of science, Rogers did not permit methodology to
dictate the nature of his research. In his investigations of the outcomes of client-
centered psychotherapy, first at the Counseling Center of the University of Chicago
(Rogers & Dymond, 1954) and then with schizophrenic patients at the University of
Wisconsin (Rogers, Gendlin, Kiesler, & Truax, 1967), he and his colleagues allowed
the problem to take precedence over methodology and measurement. They did not
formulate hypotheses simply because the tools for testing them were readily avail-
able. Instead, they began by sensing vague impressions from clinical experience and
gradually forming these into testable hypotheses. It was only then that Rogers and
his colleagues dealt with the task of finding or inventing instruments by which these
hypotheses could be tested.
The purpose of the Chicago Studies was to investigate both the process and the
outcomes of client-centered therapy. The therapists were of a “journeyman” level.
They included Rogers and other faculty members, but graduate students also served
as therapists. Though they ranged widely in experience and ability, all were basically
client centered in approach (Rogers, 1961; Rogers & Dymond, 1954).
330 Part III Humanistic/Existential Theories