Alternating Current Analysis 231
where
V
T
RMS vtdt
T
(^12)
0
()
∫
and
I
T
itdt
T
MS pt dt
TT
R PAVG
(^12)
00
() (
∫∫
and
1
)
R.3.20 Let the current through and voltage across an arbitrary load be given by
i(t) = Im sin(t)
and
v(t) = Vm sin(t + ) (an RL equivalent circuit since v(t) leads i(t) by )
Then the instantaneous power is given by
p(t) = i(t) ⋅ v(t) = Im Vm sin(t) ⋅ sin(t + )
Using trigonometric identities
pt
VI VI
t
VI
( )mmcos( ) mmcos( )cos( )mmsin( )sin( t)
22
2
2
2
where
VI V I
mm m m VIRMS RMS
2 2
2
.
Let VRMS IRMS = A
then, p(t) = A cos(θ) − A cos(θ) cos(2ωt) + A sin(θ) sin(2ωt).
R.3.21 Let us explore the resistive case, where θ = 0°. Then p(t) of R.3.20 becomes
p(t) = A − A cos(2t)
And the average power, often referred as the real power, is given by
PA
VI
AVGmmVIRMS RMS
2
(in watts)
PAVG = real(VRMS IRMS*) (the character * denotes the complex conjugate of IRMS)
The energy dissipated by the resistor R, in the form of heat over one full cycle, is
given by
WR = VRMS IRMS T (in joules)