Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 23rd Edition

CHAPTER 19Learning, Memory, Language, & Speech 299

The cytopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer disease are intra-

cellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular senile plaques.

■ Categorical and representational hemispheres are for sequen-

tial-analytic processes and visuospatial relations, respectively.

Lesions in the categorical hemisphere produce language disor-

ders, whereas lesions in the representational hemisphere pro-

duce astereognosis.

■ Aphasias are abnormalities of language functions and are

caused by lesions in the categorical hemisphere. They are classi-

fied as fluent (Wernicke’s area; areas 40, 41, 42), nonfluent (Bro-

ca’s area), and anomic (angular gyrus) based on the location of

brain lesions.

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

For all questions, select the single best answer unless otherwise directed.

1. The representational hemisphere
   A) is the right cerebral hemisphere in most right-handed
   individuals.
   B) is the left cerebral hemisphere in most left-handed
   individuals.
   C) includes the part of the brain concerned with language
   functions.
   D) is the site of lesions in most patients with aphasia.
   E) is morphologically identical to the opposite nonrepresenta-
   tional hemisphere.


2. The optic chiasm and corpus callosum are sectioned in a dog,
   and with the right eye covered, the animal is trained to bark
   when it sees a red square. The right eye is then uncovered and
   the left eye covered. The animal will now
   A) fail to respond to the red square because the square does not
   produce impulses that reach the right occipital cortex.
   B) fail to respond to the red square because the animal has
   bitemporal hemianopia.
   C) fail to respond to the red square if the posterior commissure
   is also sectioned.
   D) respond to the red square only after retraining.
   E) respond promptly to the red square in spite of the lack of
   input to the left occipital cortex.


3. The effects of bilateral loss of hippocampal function include
   A) disappearance of remote memories.
   B) loss of working memory.
   C) loss of the ability to encode events of the recent past in long-
   term memory.
   D) loss of the ability to recall faces and forms but not the ability
   to recall printed or spoken words.
   E) production of inappropriate emotional responses when
   recalling events of the recent past.


4. Which of the following are incorrectly paired?
   A) lesion of the parietal lobe of the representational hemisphere :
   unilateral inattention and neglect
   B) loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert
   and related areas of the forebrain : loss of recent memory
   C) lesions of mamillary bodies : loss of recent memory
   D) lesion of the angular gyrus in the categorical hemisphere :
   nonfluent aphasia
   E) lesion of Broca’s area in the categorical hemisphere : slow
   speech
   5. The representational hemisphere is better than the categorical
   hemisphere at
   A) language functions.
   B) recognition of objects by their form.
   C) understanding printed words.
   D) understanding spoken words.
   E) mathematical calculations.
   6. A lesion of Wernicke’s area (the posterior end of the superior
   temporal gyrus) in the categorical hemisphere causes patients to
   A) lose short-term memory.
   B) speak in a slow, halting voice.
   C) experience déjà vu.
   D) talk rapidly but make little sense.
   E) lose the ability to recognize faces.
   7. Which of the following is most likely not to be involved in pro-
   duction of LTP?
   A) NO
   B) Ca2+
   C) NMDA receptors
   D) membrane hyperpolarization
   E) membrane depolarization

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