INDEX 711Skin coloration, 379–380
Sleep, 236–238
effects of, 634
Sleep apnea, obstructive, 237
Sleep spindles, 234
Sleep stages, 234–235
Sleep–wake cycle, 236–239
alpha rhythm, 233–234
beta rhythm, 233–234
distribution of sleep stages, 235
gamma rhythm, 233–234
importance of sleep, 236
REM sleep, 234–235
sleep stages, 234
thalamocortical loop, 235–236
Sleep–wake states, 229–240
Slow axonal transport, 82
Slow EPSP, 266
Slowly adapting receptors, 153, 632
Slow pain, 168
Slow postsynaptic potentials, 121
Slow-wave sleep, 234
Small G protein, 42, 53
Small GTPases, 53
Small intestine, 475
intestinal motility, 475
transit time, 476
Small-molecule transmitters, 134–146
acetylcholine, 134–135
acetylcholine receptors, 135–136
α and β receptors, 139
anesthesia, 143
biosynthesis of catecholamines, 138–139
cannabinoids, 145
catabolism of catecholamines, 139
catecholamines, 138–140
chemical transmitters, 145–146
cholinesterases, 135
dopamine, 139–140
dopamine receptors, 140
epinephrine, 138
excitatory amino acids, 140–143
GABA, 141
GABA receptors, 141–142
gases, 145
glutamate, 140
glutamate receptors, 141
glycine, 142
histamine, 137–138
inhibitory amino acids, 140–143
monoamines, 134–138
norepinephrine, 138
serotonergic receptors, 137
serotonin, 136–137
Smell, discrimination, 221–222
Smooth muscle, 93, 125–126
anatomy, 125
electrical activity, 110
force generations, smooth muscle, 112
function of nerve supply to smooth muscle,
112
junctional potentials, 125–126
molecular basis of contraction, 110–111
morphology, 109–112
nerve supply, 112
plasticity, 112
relaxation, 111–112
types, 109–110
Smooth pursuit movements, 199
Sneezing, 632
Snellen letter charts, 184
Sniffing, 223
SOCCs. See Store-operated Ca2+ channels
Sodium-dependent glucose transporter, 453
Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine
triphosphatase, 46
Solute, 5
Solvent, 5
Soma, 80
Somatic chromosomes, 392
Somatic sensory area I, 174
Somatic sensory area II, 174
Somatomedin C, 382
Somatomedins, 382–384
Somatosensory pathways, 173–180
acetylcholine, 178–179
cannabinoids, 179
CNS lesions, 176–177
cortical plasticity, 176
dorsal column pathway, 173–175
dorsal horn, 173
enkephalins, 177–178
morphine, 177–178
pain transmission modulation, 177–179
somatotopic organization, 173–175
stress-induced analgesia, 177
ventrolateral spinothalamic tract, 175–177
Somatostatin, 280, 315, 330–331, 447–448
Somatostatinomas, 331
Somatosympathetic reflex, 558
Somatotopic organization, 173–175
Somnambulism, 237
Sound localization, 213
Sounds of Korotkoff, 545
Sound transmission, 209–210
Sound waves, 208–209
Source of generator potential, 151–152
Space motion sickness, 216
Spastic neurogenic bladder, 662
Spasticity. See Hypertonicity
Spatial orientation, 216
Spatial summation, 120
Specific sensory relay nuclei, 230
Speech, 289–300
Spermatids, 404
Spermatogenesis, 402–404
Spermatogonia, 403
Spermatozoa, 404
Spermatozoa development, 404
Sphygmomanometer, 545
Spike potentials, 470
Spinal animal, 164
Spinal cord, 121
Spinal cord injury, 247, 250
Spinal integration, 247–249
locomotion generator, 249
spinal shock, 248–249
Spinal shock, 249
Spindle sensitivity, 160
Spinnbarkeit, 414
Spinocerebellum, 257
Spinoreticular pathway, 175
Spiral arteries, 412
Spiral ganglion, 206
Splanchnic circulation. See Gastrointestinal
circulation
Splay, 650
Spleen, 523
Spliceosomes, 14
Spongy bones, 371
SRP. See Signal recognition particle
Stagnant hypoxia, 617
Standard bicarbonate, 685
Standard limb leads, 492Stapedius, 203
Stapes, 203
StAR protein. See Steroidogenic acute regulatory
protein
Starling forces, 548
Starling’s law of heart, 109, 515
Static, 158
Static response, 158
Statins, 27
STAT protein, 58
STATs. See Signal transducers of activated
transcription
Steatorrhea, 457
Stellate cells, 255
Stem cell factor, 65
Stenosis, 513
Stereocilia, 207
Stereognosis, 155
Steroid factor-1, 346
Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 346
Stimulation of transcription, 51–52
Stimuli affecting growth hormone secretion,
384–385
Stokes–Adams syndrome, 497
Stomach, 473–475
gastric emptying, 473
gastric motility, 473
vomiting, 473–475
Store-operated Ca2+ channels, 52
Strabismus, 187, 188
Strangeness, memory and, 293–294
Stratum basale, 412
Stratum functionale, 412
Strength–duration curve, 85
Strength of skeletal muscles, 105–106
Stress, 353–354
Stress-induced analgesia, 177
Stretch reflex, 158–164
central connections of afferent fibers, 160
control of gamma-motor neuron discharge,
161
function of muscle spindles, 160
gamma-motor neuron discharge, 160–161
inverse stretch reflex, 162–163
muscle tone, 163
reciprocal innervation, 161–162
structure of muscle spindles, 158–159
Striae, 351
Striations, 95–96
Striatum, 250
Striosomes, 250
Stroke, 135
Stroke volume, 514
Structural lipids, 24
Stuttering, 298
Subfornical organ, 276, 573
Subliminal fringe, 123
Submucosal plexus, 269
Submucous plexus, 448
Substance P, 143, 175, 448
Substance P/neurokinin A gene, 143
Substantia gelatinosa, 173
Substantia nigra, 250
Subthalamic nucleus, 250
Sucrose, 452
Superior colliculi, 199
Superior peduncle, 254
Supersensitivity, 126
Supplementary motor cortex, 243
Supporting cells, 219
Suppression scotoma, 188
Suppressor strip, 247