INDEX 713Total body water, 2
Total dead space, 600
Total electromechanical systole, 510
Total tension, 102
Toxin
botulinum, 119
tetanus, 119
t-PA. See Tissue-type plasminogen activator
Trabecular bones, 371
Transaminases, 18
Transcortin, 346
Transcription, 13
Transcytosis, 49–50
Transducin, 191
Transfer RNA, 13
Transferrin, 459
Transforming growth factor, 91
Transforming growth factor alpha, 50
Transfusion reactions, 528–529
Transient receptor potential, 168
Translation, 14, 17
Translocon, 17
Transmission in sympathetic ganglia, 266
Transmitters, chemistry of, 129–130
Transmural pressure, 543
Transport across cell membranes, 43–49
caveolae, 44
coats, 45
endocytosis, 43–44
exocytosis, 43
ion channels, 46–47
membrane permeability, 45–46
Na, K ATPase, 47
rafts, 44
regulation of Na, K ATPase activity, 47
secondary active transport, 48–49
transport across epithelia, 49
vesicle transport, 45
Transport across epithelia, 49
Transport adrenocortical hormones, 346–348
aldosterone, 347–348
glucocorticoid binding, 346–347
ketosteroids (17-ketosteroids), 348
metabolism of glucocorticoids, 347
Transport maximum, 648
Transport proteins, 45
Transport of thyroid hormones, 305–307
Transthyretin, 305
Traube–Hering waves, 562
Traveling waves, 210–211
Trehalase, 452
Tremor at rest, 253
TRH. See Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Trichromats, 196
Trifascicular block, 497
Trinucleotide repeat, 43, 252
Triple response, 581
Trk receptors, 90
tRNA. See Transfer RNA
Trophic action, 443
Trophic support of neurons, 89–90
Tropic hormones, 377
Tropomyosin, 94
Troponin, 52, 94
Troponin C, 94
Troponin I, 94
Troponin T, 94
TRP. See Transient receptor potential
True cholinesterase, 135
True hermaphroditism, 396
True plasma, 682
True precocious puberty, 399
TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone
T-snare, 117
Tubular function, 647–657
aquaporins, 652
collecting ducts, 653–654
countercurrent mechanism, 654–656
distal tubule, 653
free water clearance, 657
glomerulotubular balance, 651–652
glucose reabsorption, 650
glucose transport mechanism, 650
loop of Henle, 653
Na+ reabsorption, 648–649
osmotic diuresis, 656
PAH transport, 651
proximal tubule, 652–653
secondary active transport, 650–651
tubular reabsorption and secretion, 648
tubuloglomerular feedback, 651–652
urine concentration, 657
water transport, 652
Tubular myelin, 597
Tubular reabsorption, 639
Tubular secretion, 639
Tubuloglomerular feedback, 651–652
Tufted cells, 220
Tumor suppressor genes, 43
Two-point discrimination threshold, 153
Two-point threshold test, 153
Tympanic membrane, 203
Tympanic reflex, 210
Type 1 diabetes, 334
Type 2 diabetes, 334–335
Type I cells, 589
Type I medullary interstitial cells, 642
Type II cells, 590
Types of contraction, 100–101
Tyrosine hydroxylase, 138U
Ubiquitination, 18
Ultrasonography, 486
Uncal herniation, 247, 249
Uncompensated, 683–684
Uncompensated metabolic acidosis, 616
Uncompensated respiratory acidosis, 615
Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis, 615
Unconditioned stimulus, 292
Uneven ventilation, 599–600
Unipolar leads, 492–494
Unipolar recording, 492
Uniports, 46
Unitary smooth muscle, 109
Units for measuring concentration of solutes, 2
equivalents, 2
moles, 2
Unmyelinated, 82
Up-regulation, 50
Upper motor neuron lesion, 163
Upper motor neurons, 243, 244
Uracil, 13
Urea formation, 18
Uremia, 660
Urinary tract infection, 250
Urine acidification, 679–687
Urine flow, 645
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator, 533
Urotensin-II, 567
Uterine cervix, cyclic changes in, 414
Uterine circulation, 581–582
Uterine cycle, 412–413
Utricle, 206V
Vagal tone, 556
Vaginal cycle, 414
Valsalva maneuver, 561–562
Vanae comitantes, 285
Vanilloid receptors, 168
Varicose veins, 550
Varicosities, 125
Vas deferens, 402
Vasa recta, 642
Vascular endothelial growth factor, 539
Vascular hindrance, 542
Vascular reactivity, 349
Vascular smooth muscle, 536
Vasculogenesis, 539
Vasectomy, 406
Vasoconstriction, 555
Vasodilation, 555
Vasodilator metabolites, 563
Vasomotor nerves, 575
Vasopressin, 277, 279, 377, 666
receptors, 279, 665–666
Vasopressin secretion
stimuli affecting, 667
volume effects, 667
Vectorcardiograms, 496
Vectorcardiography, 495–496
VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth
factor
Venoconstriction, 555
Venodilation, 555
Venous circulation, 549
Venous occlusion plethysmography, 539
Venous pressure
air embolism, 550
effects of heartbeat, 549
flow, 549–550
in head, 550
measuring, 550
muscle pump, 549–550
thoracic pump, 549
venous pressure in head, 550
Venous-to-arterial shunts, 620
Venous valves, 538
Ventilation/perfusion
imbalance, 620
ratios, 603
Ventral cochlear nuclei, 211
Ventral corticospinal tract, 242
Ventral pathway, 195
Ventral posterior lateral, 173
Ventral posterior thalamic nucleus, 176
Ventral tegmental area, 179
Ventricular arrhythmias, 499–501
Ventricular ejection, 508
Ventricular fibrillation, 500
Ventricular systole, 489, 508
Ventrolateral cordotomy, 177
Ventrolateral spinothalamic tract, 175–177
cortical plasticity, 176
effects of CNS lesions, 176–177
Verbal system, 292
Vermis, 254
Vertigo, 216
benign paroxysmal positional, 216
Very low density lipoproteins, 26
Vesicle transport, 45
Vesicular traffic, 40–42
Vesicular transport, 49, 537
Vestibular apparatus, 213
Vestibular movements, 199
Vestibular nuclei, 213