- James, W. Principles of Psychology. Vol. 2. New York: Dover Publications, 1950, p. 383.
- McDougall, W. An Introduction to Social Psychology. New York: Barnes & Noble, University Paperbacks,
1960, p. 25. - Freud, S. Collected Papers. Vol. 4. New York: Basic Books, 1959, p. 64.
- Discussing the invalidity of the attempt to define instinct as a compound reflex, neurologist Robert Efron writes:
"A reflex is an automatic, involuntary action which occurs as a consequence of a stimulus to a receptor. It does not
involve the faculty of consciousness. So-called instincts, on the other hand, clearly do involve and require the
active participation of consciousness. This being the case, no reflex and no series of reflexes can ever produce, or
be equated with, an 'instinct.'" [From a personal communication] - An excellent critique of "explanation via instincts" in animals may be found in Daniel S. Lehrman, "A Critique
of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinctive Behavior," The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1953, 28 , pp. 337–363. For
good examples of the scientific methodology that is replacing "explanation via instincts,'' see Lehrman, "Hormonal
Regulation of Parental Behavior in Birds and Infrahuman Mammals," in William C. Young (ed.), Sex and Internal
Secretions (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1961), pp. 1268–1382.
Chapter Three
- Adler, M. J. The Difference of Man and the Difference It Makes. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967.
- Ibid., p. 153.
- Ibid.
- Rand, A. Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. New York: The Objectivist, 1967, p. 12.
- Ibid., p. 15.
- Ibid., p. 76.
- Rand, A. The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: New American Library, 1964, p. 13.
Chapter Four
- Rand, A. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Random House, 1957, p. 1012.
- Taylor, R. Metaphysics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice Hall, 1963, p. 50.
- Rand, A. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Random House, 1957, p. 1037. For a detailed exposition of this principle,
see H. W. B. Joseph, An Introduction to Logic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1957), pp. 400–425.