College Physics

Figure 15.14 States of Matter (http://cnx.org/content/m42233/1.5/states-of-matter_en.jar) 15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of ...

Figure 15.16Examples of one-way processes in nature. (a) Heat transfer occurs spontaneously from hot to cold and not from cold t ...

Figure 15.17(a) Heat transfer occurs spontaneously from a hot object to a cold one, consistent with the second law of thermodyna ...

making it clear that an efficiency of 1, or 100%, is possible only if there is no heat transfer to the environment (Qc= 0). Note ...

With the information given inExample 15.3, we can find characteristics such as the efficiency of a heat engine without any knowl ...

Figure 15.20This Otto cycle produces a greater work output than the one inFigure 15.19, because the starting temperature of path ...

(15.33) Eff= Qh−Qc Qh = 1 − Qc Qh . What Carnot found was that for a perfect heat engine, the ratioQc/Qhequals the ratio of the ...

Figure 15.23Schematic diagram of a pressurized water nuclear reactor and the steam turbines that convert work into electrical en ...

Figure 15.24(a) A nuclear power station (credit: BlatantWorld.com) and (b) a coal-fired power station. Both have cooling towers ...

15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators Figure 15.26Almost every home contains a refrigerator. Most pe ...

Figure 15.28A simple heat pump has four basic components: (1)condenser, (2)expansion valve, (3)evaporator, and (4)compressor. In ...

Figure 15.29When a real heat engine is run backward, some of the intended work input(W)goes into heat transfer before it gets in ...

Figure 15.30Heat transfer from the outside to the inside, along with work done to run the pump, takes place in the heat pump of ...

out of 5 stars—the more stars, the more energy efficient the appliance.EERsare expressed in mixed units of British thermal units ...

Qc (15.46) Tc = Qh Th for any reversible process.QcandQhare absolute values of the heat transfer at temperaturesTcandTh, respect ...

How can we calculate the change in entropy for an irreversible process whenΔStot= ΔSh+ ΔScis valid only for reversible processes ...

Entropy and the Unavailability of Energy to Do Work What does a change in entropy mean, and why should we be interested in it? O ...

previous example, 933 J less work was done after an increase in entropy of 9.33 J/K occurred in the 4000 J heat transfer from th ...

Tis the melting temperature of ice. That is,T= 0ºC=273 K. So the change in entropy is (15.65) ΔS = 3.34×^10 (^5) J 273 K = 1.22× ...

Figure 15.37Earth’s entropy may decrease in the process of intercepting a small part of the heat transfer from the Sun into deep ...