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College Physics

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  • Preface

  • 1 Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics

    • Physics: An Introduction

    • Physical Quantities and Units

    • Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures

    • Approximation



  • 2 Kinematics

    • Displacement

    • Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems

    • Time, Velocity, and Speed

    • Acceleration

    • Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension

    • Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics

    • Falling Objects

    • Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion



  • 3 Two-Dimensional Kinematics

    • Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction

    • Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods

    • Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods

    • Projectile Motion

    • Addition of Velocities



  • 4 Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion

    • Development of Force Concept

    • Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia

    • Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System

    • Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces

    • Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces

    • Problem-Solving Strategies

    • Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion

    • Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction



  • 5 Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity

    • Friction

    • Drag Forces

    • Elasticity: Stress and Strain



  • 6 Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation

    • Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity

    • Centripetal Acceleration

    • Centripetal Force

    • Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force

    • Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation

    • Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity



  • 7 Work, Energy, and Energy Resources

    • Work: The Scientific Definition

    • Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem

    • Gravitational Potential Energy

    • Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

    • Nonconservative Forces

    • Conservation of Energy

    • Power

    • Work, Energy, and Power in Humans

    • World Energy Use



  • 8 Linear Momentum and Collisions

    • Linear Momentum and Force

    • Impulse

    • Conservation of Momentum

    • Elastic Collisions in One Dimension

    • Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension

    • Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions

    • Introduction to Rocket Propulsion



  • 9 Statics and Torque

    • The First Condition for Equilibrium

    • The Second Condition for Equilibrium

    • Stability

    • Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies

    • Simple Machines

    • Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints



  • 10 Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum

    • Angular Acceleration

    • Kinematics of Rotational Motion

    • Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia


    • Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited


      - Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
      
- Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
      
- Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum


      • 11 Fluid Statics

        • What Is a Fluid?

        • Density

        • Pressure

        • Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid

        • Pascal’s Principle

        • Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement

        • Archimedes’ Principle

        • Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action

        • Pressures in the Body



      • 12 Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications

        • Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity

        • Bernoulli’s Equation

        • The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

        • Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law

        • The Onset of Turbulence

        • Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid

        • Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes



      • 13 Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws

        • Temperature

        • Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

        • The Ideal Gas Law

        • Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature

        • Phase Changes

        • Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling



      • 14 Heat and Heat Transfer Methods

        • Heat

        • Temperature Change and Heat Capacity

        • Phase Change and Latent Heat

        • Heat Transfer Methods

        • Conduction

        • Convection

        • Radiation



      • 15 Thermodynamics

        • The First Law of Thermodynamics

        • The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes

        • Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency

        • Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated

        • Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

        • Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy

        • Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation



      • 16 Oscillatory Motion and Waves

        • Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited

        • Period and Frequency in Oscillations

        • Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion

        • The Simple Pendulum

        • Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator

        • Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion

        • Damped Harmonic Motion

        • Forced Oscillations and Resonance

        • Waves

        • Superposition and Interference

        • Energy in Waves: Intensity



      • 17 Physics of Hearing

        • Sound

        • Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength

        • Sound Intensity and Sound Level

        • Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms

        • Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns

        • Hearing

        • Ultrasound



      • 18 Electric Charge and Electric Field

        • Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge

        • Conductors and Insulators

        • Coulomb’s Law

        • Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited

        • Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges

        • Electric Forces in Biology

        • Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium

        • Applications of Electrostatics










  • 19 Electric Potential and Electric Field

    • Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference

    • Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field

    • Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge

    • Equipotential Lines

    • Capacitors and Dielectrics

    • Capacitors in Series and Parallel

    • Energy Stored in Capacitors



  • 20 Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law

    • Current

    • Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits

    • Resistance and Resistivity

    • Electric Power and Energy

    • Alternating Current versus Direct Current

    • Electric Hazards and the Human Body

    • Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms



  • 21 Circuits, Bioelectricity, and DC Instruments

    • Resistors in Series and Parallel

    • Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage

    • Kirchhoff’s Rules

    • DC Voltmeters and Ammeters

    • Null Measurements

    • DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors



  • 22 Magnetism

    • Magnets

    • Ferromagnets and Electromagnets

    • Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines

    • Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field

    • Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications

    • The Hall Effect

    • Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

    • Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters

    • Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law

    • Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors

    • More Applications of Magnetism



  • 23 Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies

    • Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux

    • Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law

    • Motional Emf

    • Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping

    • Electric Generators

    • Back Emf

    • Transformers

    • Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices

    • Inductance

    • RL Circuits

    • Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive

    • RLC Series AC Circuits



  • 24 Electromagnetic Waves

    • Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed

    • Production of Electromagnetic Waves

    • The Electromagnetic Spectrum

    • Energy in Electromagnetic Waves



  • 25 Geometric Optics

    • The Ray Aspect of Light

    • The Law of Reflection

    • The Law of Refraction

    • Total Internal Reflection

    • Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms

    • Image Formation by Lenses

    • Image Formation by Mirrors



  • 26 Vision and Optical Instruments

    • Physics of the Eye

    • Vision Correction

    • Color and Color Vision

    • Microscopes

    • Telescopes

    • Aberrations



  • 27 Wave Optics

    • The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference

    • Huygens's Principle: Diffraction

    • Young’s Double Slit Experiment


    • Multiple Slit Diffraction


      - Single Slit Diffraction
      
- Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
      
- Thin Film Interference
      
- Polarization
      
- *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light


      • 28 Special Relativity

        • Einstein’s Postulates

        • Simultaneity And Time Dilation

        • Length Contraction

        • Relativistic Addition of Velocities

        • Relativistic Momentum

        • Relativistic Energy



      • 29 Introduction to Quantum Physics

        • Quantization of Energy

        • The Photoelectric Effect

        • Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

        • Photon Momentum

        • The Particle-Wave Duality

        • The Wave Nature of Matter

        • Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

        • The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed



      • 30 Atomic Physics

        • Discovery of the Atom

        • Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei

        • Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom

        • X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications

        • Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations

        • The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization

        • Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization

        • Quantum Numbers and Rules

        • The Pauli Exclusion Principle



      • 31 Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics

        • Nuclear Radioactivity

        • Radiation Detection and Detectors

        • Substructure of the Nucleus

        • Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws

        • Half-Life and Activity

        • Binding Energy

        • Tunneling



      • 32 Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics

        • Medical Imaging and Diagnostics

        • Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

        • Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation

        • Food Irradiation

        • Fusion

        • Fission

        • Nuclear Weapons



      • 33 Particle Physics

        • The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited

        • The Four Basic Forces

        • Accelerators Create Matter from Energy

        • Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws

        • Quarks: Is That All There Is?

        • GUTs: The Unification of Forces



      • 34 Frontiers of Physics

        • Cosmology and Particle Physics

        • General Relativity and Quantum Gravity

        • Superstrings

        • Dark Matter and Closure

        • Complexity and Chaos

        • High-temperature Superconductors

        • Some Questions We Know to Ask



      • A Atomic Masses

      • B Selected Radioactive Isotopes

      • C Useful Information

      • D Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation

      • Index








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