0071643192.pdf

CHAPTER 7

Endocrine, Metabolic,

Fluid, and Electrolyte

Disorders

Kenny V. Banh, MD

Fluid and Hydration 385

BASICDEFINITIONS 385

TOTALBODYWATER ANDDISTRIBUTION 385

PHYSIOLOGY 385

FLUIDBALANCE 386

Electrolyte Pump Physiology 387

Sodium 387

HYPONATREMIA(Na+<135 mEq/L) 388

HYPERNATREMIA(Na+>145 mEq/L) 390

Potassium 391

HYPOKALEMIA(K+<3.5 mEq/L) 391

HYPERKALEMIA(K+>4.5 mEq/L) 393

Calcium 394

HYPOCALCEMIA(Ca2+<8.5 mg/dL) 395

HYPERCALCEMIA(Ca2+>10.5 mg/dL) 395

Magnesium 396

HYPOMAGNESEMIA(Mg2+<1.4 mEq/L) 397

HYPERMAGNESEMIA(Mg2+>2.2 mEq/L) 397

Chloride 398

HYPOCHLOREMIA(Cl–<100 mEq/L) 398

HYPERCHLOREMIA(Cl–>110 mEq/L) 398

Acid-Base Disorders 399

INTERPRETINGBLOODGASES 399

METABOLICACIDOSIS(↓pH + ↓HCO 3 – ) 400

METABOLICALKALOSIS(↑pH + ↑HCO 3 – )4 01

RESPIRATORYACIDOSIS(↓pH + ↓HCO 3 – )4 01

RESPIRATORYALKALOSIS(↓pH + ↓HCO 3 – ) 402

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