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INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Blood and Tissue Nematodes (Filaria)

See Table 8.15.

Cestodes (Tapeworms)

■ Treat with praziquantel (intestinal) and albendazole (extraintestinal).

■ Diagnosis is made on O&P or biopsy.

■ See Table 8.16.

TABLE 8.15. Blood and Tissue Nematodes

NAME DISTRIBUTION VECTOR SYMPTOMS/EXAM TREATMENT

Lymphatic filariasis SE Asia Mosquito Elephantiasis DEC

(Brugia malayi) (lymphangitis and

Tropics lymphedema),

(Wuchereria bancrofti) pneumonitis

Indonesia (Brugia timori)

Onchocerca vovulus Africa, Central/ Blackfly Blindness(sclerosing Ivermectin

South America (Simulium) keratitis), subcutaneous

nodules

Loa loa Africa Deerfly Larvae migrating across DEC

(Chrysops) eye conjunctiva

Dracunuculus Africa Ingestion of Painful worm extruding Wrap worm around

medinensis infected water from lower extremity stick, metronidazole

(copepods)

DEC =diethylcarbamazine.

In endemic areas, cysticercosis

(T. solium)is responsible for

over one-third of the cases of

adult-onset epilepsy.

TABLE 8.16. Cestodes

PARASITE INGESTION CLINICALFINDINGS

Taenia saginata Raw beef Muscle cysts

Cysticercosis(Taenia solium) Raw pork New onset seizures, CNS cysts

Diphyllobothrium latum Undercooked fish Megaloblastic anemia due to

B 12 deficiency

H. nanaandH. diminuta Rodent feces or fleas Abdominal cramps, diarrhea

Dipylidium caninum Dog fleas Abdominal cramps, diarrhea

Echinococcus(E. granulosus, Feces of sheepdogs, Hydatid disease (liver, lung,

E. multilocularis, andE. vogeli) cattle, wolves, foxes and/or CNS abscesses)