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62 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology

Optic canal CN II Unilateral blindness

Ophthalmic artery Ischemic unilateral blindness

Superior orbital fissure CN III Ophthalmoplegia

CN IV Inability to look down and out

CN V 1 Unilateral loss of blink reflex

CN VI Inability to abduct eye

Superior ophthalmic vein Retinal engorgement

Foramen rotundum CN V 2 Loss of sensation under eye

Foramen ovale CN V 3 Masticatory paralysis, loss of

jaw-jerk reflex

Foramen spinosum Middle meningeal artery

Foramen lacerum Nothing (except

occasionally the greater

superficial petrosal nerve)

Hiatus of the facial Gr. superficial petrosal n. Dry eye, loss of submandibular

canal and sublingual secretion

PRINCIPAL FORAMINA OF THE MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

Foramen Contents Result of Injury

Internal auditory meatus CN VII Facial paralysis

CN VIII Auditory and vestibular deficits

Jugular foramen CN IX Loss of gag and carotid reflexes

CN X Loss of cough reflex; paralysis of

laryngeal muscles and some

palatine muscles

CN XI Inability to shrug shoulders

Internal jugular vein

Hypoglossal canal CN XII Paralysis of tongue muscles;

lingual deviation toward side

of injury upon protrusion

PRINCIPAL FORAMINA OF THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

Foramen Contents Result of Injury