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• Paralysis of the stapedius muscle, as a result of facial nerve palsy, pro-
  duces hyperacusis.

Visceral Portions

• The infrahyoid muscles,innervated by the ansa cervicalis (C1–C3), sta-
  bilize the hyoid bone and larynx during deglutition and phonation.


• The pretracheal space,deep to the pretracheal fascia, surrounds the tra-
  chea and thyroid gland. Infection in this space may migrate into the
  superior mediastinum.


• The retropharyngeal (retrovisceral) space lies posterior to the
  oropharynx and esophagus and is defined by septa from the pretracheal
  fascia. Infection within this space may migrate into the posterior medi-
  astinum.


• The mandibular neurovascular bundleenters the mandibular foramen
  adjacent to the lingula, the point of minimal movement. It may be anes-
  thetized by directing a needle posteriorly through the buccal wall just
  lateral to the pterygomandibular raphe.


• The deep cervical nodesreceive lymph from the anteroinferior portion
  of the face, the nasal cavities, and the oral cavity.


• The nasal vestibule(the most common site for nosebleeds) receives vas-
  cular branches from internal and external carotid arteries.


• The palatine tonsilreceives vascular branches from the maxillary, facial,
  and lingual arteries.


• Abduction of the vocal cordsis a function of the posterior cricoary-
  tenoid muscle only, innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

68 Anatomy, Histology, and Cell Biology

CN V

(trigeminal)

V1 Superior orbital Forehead None Blink reflex

fissure, (afferent)

supraorbital

notch

V2 Foramen Mid-face None Sneeze

rotundum, reflex

maxillary

foramen

BRANCHIOMERIC NERVE FUNCTIONS AND TESTS

Nerve Course Sensory Motor Test

(Continued)