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Structural Engineering

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  • 1 INTRODUCTION Contents

    • 1.1 ScienceandTechnology

    • 1.2 StructuralEngineering.

    • 1.3 StructuresandtheirSurroundings

    • 1.4 Architecture& Engineering

    • 1.5 ArchitecturalDesignProcess

    • 1.6 ArchitecturalDesign

    • 1.7 StructuralAnalysis.

    • 1.8 StructuralDesign.

    • 1.9 LoadTransferMechanisms

    • 1.10 StructureTypes

    • 1.11 StructuralEngineeringCourses

    • 1.12 References.



  • 2 LOADS

    • 2.1 Introduction.

    • 2.2 VerticalLoads.

      • 2.2.1 DeadLoad

      • 2.2.2 Live Loads

      • E 2-1 Live LoadReduction.

      • 2.2.3 Snow.



    • 2.3 LateralLoads

      • 2.3.1 Wind

      • E 2-2 WindLoad

      • 2.3.2 Earthquakes.

      • E 2-3 Earthquake Loadona Frame

      • E 2-4 Earthquake Loadona TallBuilding,(Schueller1996)



    • 2.4 OtherLoads.

      • 2.4.1 HydrostaticandEarth.

      • E 2-5 HydrostaticLoad.

      • 2.4.2 Thermal.

      • E 2-6 ThermalExpansion/Stress(Schueller1996)

      • 2.4.3 BridgeLoads

      • 2.4.4 ImpactLoad



    • 2.5 OtherImportant Considerations

      • 2.5.1 LoadCombinations.

      • 2.5.2 LoadPlacement





  • CONTENTS Draft

    • 5.4 Flexure

      • 5.4.1 BasicKinematicAssumption;Curvature.

      • 5.4.2 Stress-StrainRelations.

      • 5.4.3 InternalEquilibrium;SectionProperties.

        • 5.4.3.1 Fx= 0; NeutralAxis.

        • 5.4.3.2 M= 0; Moment of Inertia



      • 5.4.4 BeamFormula

      • E 5-10DesignExample

      • 5.4.5 ApproximateAnalysis

      • E 5-11ApproximateAnalysisof a StaticallyIndeterminatebeam





  • 6 CaseStudyII: GEORGEWASHINGTONBRIDGE

    • 6.1 Theory.

    • 6.2 TheCaseStudy.

      • 6.2.1 Geometry

      • 6.2.2 Loads

      • 6.2.3 CableForces

      • 6.2.4 Reactions





  • 7 A BRIEFHISTORY OFSTRUCTURALARCHITECTURE

    • 7.1 BeforetheGreeks.

    • 7.2 Greeks.

    • 7.3 Romans

    • 7.4 TheMedieval Period (477-1492).

    • 7.5 TheRenaissance

      • 7.5.1 LeonardodaVinci1452-1519

      • 7.5.2 Brunelleschi 1377-1446.

      • 7.5.3 Alberti1404-1472

      • 7.5.4 Palladio1508-1580

      • 7.5.5 Stevin

      • 7.5.6 Galileo1564-1642.



    • 7.6 PreModernPeriod, Seventeenth Century

      • 7.6.1 Hooke, 1635-1703.

      • 7.6.2 Newton,1642-1727.

      • 7.6.3 BernoulliFamily1654-1782

      • 7.6.4 Euler1707-1783



    • 7.7 Thepre-ModernPeriod; Coulomb andNavier

    • 7.8 TheModernPeriod (1857-Present)

      • 7.8.1 Structures/Mechanics

      • 7.8.2 Ei elTower.

      • 7.8.3 Sullivan1856-1924

      • 7.8.4 Roebling,1806-1869

      • 7.8.5 Maillart

      • 7.8.6 Nervi,1891-1979

      • 7.8.7 Khan

      • 7.8.8 et al..





  • CONTENTS Draft

  • 12 PRESTRESSEDCONCRETE

    • 12.1 Introduction.

      • 12.1.1 Materials

      • 12.1.2 PrestressingForces.

      • 12.1.3 Assumptions

      • 12.1.4 TendonCon guration

      • 12.1.5 Equivalent Load

      • 12.1.6 LoadDeformation



    • 12.2 FlexuralStresses

      • E 12-1PrestressedConcreteI Beam



    • 12.3 CaseStudy:Walnut LaneBridge

      • 12.3.1 Cross-SectionProperties.

      • 12.3.2 Prestressing.

      • 12.3.3 Loads

      • 12.3.4 FlexuralStresses





  • 13 ARCHESandCURVEDSTRUCTURES

    • 13.1 Arches

      • 13.1.1 StaticallyDeterminate.

      • E 13-1ThreeHingedArch, Point Loads.(Gerstle1974)

      • E 13-2Semi-CircularArch, (Gerstle1974)

      • 13.1.2 StaticallyIndeterminate

      • E 13-3StaticallyIndeterminateArch, (Kinney1957)



    • 13.2 CurvedSpaceStructures.

      • E 13-4Semi-CircularBox Girder,(Gerstle1974)

      • 13.2.1 Theory

        • 13.2.1.1 Geometry.

        • 13.2.1.2 Equilibrium.



      • E 13-5InternalForcesin anHelicoidalCantileveredGirder,(Gerstle1974)





  • 14 BUILDINGSTRUCTURES

    • 14.1 Introduction.

      • 14.1.1 BeamColumnConnections

      • 14.1.2 Behaviorof SimpleFrames

      • 14.1.3 Eccentricity of AppliedLoads.



    • 14.2 BuildingsStructures

      • 14.2.1 WallSubsystems

        • 14.2.1.1 Example:ConcreteShearWall.

        • 14.2.1.2 Example:TrussedShearWall



      • 14.2.2 ShaftSystems.

        • 14.2.2.1 Example:Tube Subsystem



      • 14.2.3 RigidFrames



    • 14.3 ApproximateAnalysisof Buildings

      • 14.3.1 VerticalLoads

      • 14.3.2 HorizontalLoads

        • 14.3.2.1 PortalMethod



      • E 14-1ApproximateAnalysisof a Framesubjectedto VerticalandHorizontalLoads



    • 14.4 LateralDe
      ections



  • 1.1 Types of Forcesin StructuralElements (1D). List of Figures

  • 1.2 BasicAspectsof CableSystems.

  • 1.3 BasicAspectsof Arches

  • 1.4 Types of Trusses

  • 1.5 Variationsin PostandBeamsCon gurations

  • 1.6 Di erent BeamTypes

  • 1.7 BasicFormsof Frames.

  • 1.8 Examplesof AirSupportedStructures

  • 1.9 BasicFormsof Shells.

  • 2.1 Approximationof a Seriesof CloselySpacedLoads

  • 2.2 Snow Mapof theUnitedStates,ubc

  • 2.3 LoadsonProjectedDimensions

  • 2.4 VerticalandNormalLoadsActingonInclinedSurfaces

  • 2.5 WindMapof theUnitedStates,(UBC1995)

  • 2.6 E ectof WindLoadonStructures(Schueller1996)

  • 2.7 ApproximateDesignWindPressurep forOrdinaryWindForceResistingBuildingStructures

  • 2.8 Vibrationsof a Building

  • 2.9 SeismicZonesof theUnitedStates,(UBC1995)

  • 2.10 EarthandHydrostaticLoadsonStructures

  • 2.11 Truck Load

  • 2.12 LoadPlacement to MaximizeMoments.

  • 2.13 LoadLifeof a Structure,(LinandStotesbury1981)

  • 2.14 Conceptof TributaryAreasforStructuralMember Loading

  • 2.15 Oneor Two Way actionsin Slabs.

  • 2.16 LoadTransferin R/CBuildings.

  • 2.17 Two Way Actions.

  • 2.18 Exampleof LoadTransfer

  • 3.1 StressStrainCurves of ConcreteandSteel.

  • 3.2 StandardRolledSections

  • 3.3 ResidualStressesin RolledSections

  • 3.4 ResidualStressesin WeldedSections

  • 3.5 In
    uenceof ResidualStressonAverageStress-StrainCurve of a RolledSection

  • 3.6 Concretemicrocracking

  • 3.7 WandC sections.

  • 3.8 prefabricatedSteelJoists

  • LISTOFFIGURES Draft

    • 7.12 ExperimentalSetUpUsedby Hooke.

    • 7.13 IsaacNewton

    • 7.14 PhilosophiaeNaturalisPrincipiaMathematica, Cover Page

    • 7.15 LeonhardEuler

    • 7.16 Coulomb.

    • 7.17 Nervi'sPalazettoDelloSport

    • 8.1 MagazziniGenerali;OverallDimensions,(BillingtonandMark1983)

    • 8.2 MagazziniGenerali;SupportSystem,(BillingtonandMark1983).

    • 8.3 MagazziniGenerali;Loads(BillingtonandMark1983).

    • 8.4 MagazziniGenerali;BeamReactions,(BillingtonandMark1983).

    • 8.5 MagazziniGenerali;ShearandMoment Diagrams(BillingtonandMark1983).

    • 8.6 MagazziniGenerali;InternalMoment, (BillingtonandMark1983)

    • 8.7 MagazziniGenerali;SimilaritiesBetweenTheFrameShape anditsMoment Diagram,(BillingtonandMark1983)

    • 8.8 MagazziniGenerali;Equilibriumof Forcesat theBeamSupport,(BillingtonandMark1983)

    • 8.9 MagazziniGenerali;E ectof LateralSupports,(BillingtonandMark1983)

    • 9.1 LoadLifeof a Structure

    • 9.2 NormalizedGaussDistribution,andCumulative DistributionFunction.

    • 9.3 FrequencyDistributionsof LoadQandResistanceR.

    • 9.4 De nitionof Reliability Index.

    • 9.5 Probability of Failurein termsof

    • 10.1 LateralBracingforSteelBeams.

    • 10.2 Failureof Steelbeam;PlasticHinges

    • 10.3 Failureof Steelbeam;LocalBuckling

    • 10.4 Failureof Steelbeam;LateralTorsionalBuckling

    • 10.5 Stressdistributionat di erent stagesof loading

    • 10.6 Stress-straindiagramformoststructuralsteels

    • 10.7 NominalMoments forCompactandPartiallyCompactSections.

    • 11.1 FailureModesforR/CBeams.

    • 11.2 InternalEquilibriumin a R/CBeam

    • 11.3 CrackedSection,LimitState

    • 11.4 WhitneyStressBlock

    • 11.5 Reinforcement in ContinuousR/CBeams

    • 12.1 PretensionedPrestressedConcreteBeam,(Nilson1978)

    • 12.2 PosttensionedPrestressedConcreteBeam,(Nilson1978).

    • 12.3 7 WirePrestressingTendon

    • 12.4 Alternative SchemesforPrestressinga RectangularConcreteBeam,(Nilson1978)

    • 12.5 Determinationof Equivalent Loads

    • 12.6 Load-De
      ectionCurve andCorrespondingInternalFlexuralStressesfora TypicalPrestressedConcreteBeam,(Nilson1978)

    • 12.7 FlexuralStressDistributionfora BeamwithVariableEccentricity; MaximumMoment SectionandSupportSection,(Nilson1978)

    • 12.8 Walnut LaneBridge,PlanView.

    • 12.9 Walnut LaneBridge,CrossSection.

    • 13.1 Moment ResistingForcesin anArch or SuspensionSystemas Comparedto a Beam,(LinandStotesbury1981)

    • 13.2 Staticsof a Three-HingedArch, (LinandStotesbury1981)



  • 1.1 StructuralEngineeringCoverageforArchitectsandEngineers. List of Tables

  • 1.2 tab:secae.

  • 2.1 UnitWeight of Materials.

  • 2.2 Weights of BuildingMaterials.

  • 2.3 AverageGrossDeadLoadin Buildings.

  • 2.4 MinimumUniformlyDistributedLive Loads,(UBC1995)

  • 2.5 WindVelocity Variationabove Ground.

  • 2.6 CeCoecients forWindLoad,(UBC1995)

  • 2.7 WindPressureCoecientsCq, (UBC1995)

  • 2.8 ImportanceFactorsforWindandEarthquake Load,(UBC1995)

  • 2.9 ApproximateDesignWindPressurepforOrdinaryWindForceResistingBuildingStructures

  • 2.10 ZFactorsforDi erent SeismicZones,ubc

  • 2.11 SSiteCoecients forEarthquake Loading,(UBC1995)

  • 2.12 PartialListofRW forVariousStructureSystems,(UBC1995)

  • 2.13 Coecients of ThermalExpansion

  • 3.1 Propertiesof MajorStructuralSteels.

  • 3.2 Propertiesof ReinforcingBars.

  • 3.3 JoistSeriesCharacteristics

  • 3.4 JoistProperties.

  • 5.1 Equationsof Equilibrium

  • 5.2 StaticDeterminacyandStability of Trusses

  • 5.3 SectionProperties

  • 9.1 AllowableStressesforSteelandConcrete

  • 9.2 Selected valuesforSteelandConcreteStructures.

  • 9.3 StrengthReductionFactors,

  • 14.1 ColumnsCombinedApproximateVerticalandHorizontalLoads

  • 14.2 GirdersCombinedApproximateVerticalandHorizontalLoads

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